1 00:00:06,420 --> 00:00:08,730 - [Instructor] Embedded systems are devices 2 00:00:08,730 --> 00:00:12,690 that have an integrated CPU and RAM 3 00:00:12,690 --> 00:00:15,450 which can process information internally 4 00:00:15,450 --> 00:00:18,420 without the need for a controlling system. 5 00:00:18,420 --> 00:00:21,420 The embedded device is the evolution 6 00:00:21,420 --> 00:00:23,850 of the terminal that really had 7 00:00:23,850 --> 00:00:27,060 very little or no brain power, 8 00:00:27,060 --> 00:00:29,580 very little or no CPU power. 9 00:00:29,580 --> 00:00:33,270 And there's so many embedded systems out there, 10 00:00:33,270 --> 00:00:35,610 you could lump just about everything 11 00:00:35,610 --> 00:00:37,590 that is an individual device with a CPU 12 00:00:37,590 --> 00:00:40,710 into the realm of the embedded system. 13 00:00:40,710 --> 00:00:42,420 They're found everywhere. 14 00:00:42,420 --> 00:00:46,380 Home appliances, for example washing machines. 15 00:00:46,380 --> 00:00:49,800 Your DVD player, dishwashers, 16 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:52,350 your setup box for your TV. 17 00:00:52,350 --> 00:00:54,153 Your security system at home. 18 00:00:54,990 --> 00:00:56,040 Office automation, 19 00:00:56,040 --> 00:00:58,890 an all-in-one multi-function printer 20 00:00:58,890 --> 00:01:01,410 or a fax machine or a copy machine. 21 00:01:01,410 --> 00:01:02,760 Thin client computers. 22 00:01:02,760 --> 00:01:03,960 A thin client computer 23 00:01:03,960 --> 00:01:06,090 can be considered an embedded system. 24 00:01:06,090 --> 00:01:07,440 And we're talking about one 25 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:09,330 that takes the place of a PC, 26 00:01:09,330 --> 00:01:12,390 has an embedded operating system, 27 00:01:12,390 --> 00:01:15,150 its got a CPU, its got RAM, 28 00:01:15,150 --> 00:01:17,610 its got that network connection and display 29 00:01:17,610 --> 00:01:20,520 and USB connections for keyboard and mouse. 30 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:22,200 And the whole thing with that embedded system 31 00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:24,690 is all the devices, the CPU and RAM, 32 00:01:24,690 --> 00:01:27,270 they're all embedded on one card 33 00:01:27,270 --> 00:01:30,240 and the operating system is embedded. 34 00:01:30,240 --> 00:01:32,280 We used to have Windows embedded, 35 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:35,460 CE, we'd have other operating systems 36 00:01:35,460 --> 00:01:38,700 that could be embedded into memory. 37 00:01:38,700 --> 00:01:40,170 You've also got security systems. 38 00:01:40,170 --> 00:01:43,500 For example, bio-metrics, or alarm systems. 39 00:01:43,500 --> 00:01:45,630 You've got telecommunications. 40 00:01:45,630 --> 00:01:48,150 Really, I mean, the internet of things. 41 00:01:48,150 --> 00:01:51,750 Your routers, your switches, your cell phones, 42 00:01:51,750 --> 00:01:53,760 your smartphones, even your tablet computers, 43 00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:56,430 they could all be considered embedded systems. 44 00:01:56,430 --> 00:01:58,950 You'll find them in automotive. 45 00:01:58,950 --> 00:02:03,450 For example GPS, or cruise control in your car, 46 00:02:03,450 --> 00:02:04,890 or your airbag system, 47 00:02:04,890 --> 00:02:07,080 or your ABS, for brakes. 48 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:08,910 Or your fuel injection control. 49 00:02:08,910 --> 00:02:10,770 And there's all kinds of stuff, 50 00:02:10,770 --> 00:02:12,930 the more complex the car gets, 51 00:02:12,930 --> 00:02:14,970 the more expensive and luxury the car gets, 52 00:02:14,970 --> 00:02:17,130 the more embedded systems it may have 53 00:02:17,130 --> 00:02:20,700 or the more complex, the embedded system. 54 00:02:20,700 --> 00:02:22,080 You'll find it in medical. 55 00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:25,500 EEG, ECG, different diagnostics, 56 00:02:25,500 --> 00:02:28,980 blood pressure monitors, scanners. 57 00:02:28,980 --> 00:02:30,810 You'll find it in assembly systems. 58 00:02:30,810 --> 00:02:34,110 You'll find embedded systems in assembly lines, 59 00:02:34,110 --> 00:02:35,670 where they're building things, 60 00:02:35,670 --> 00:02:38,160 and possibly there's robotics involved. 61 00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:42,210 Or perhaps you're developing printed circuit boards, 62 00:02:42,210 --> 00:02:44,700 or PCBs, and there's some type 63 00:02:44,700 --> 00:02:46,740 of controlling system for that. 64 00:02:46,740 --> 00:02:48,060 It could just be something 65 00:02:48,060 --> 00:02:50,010 that'll run a program, 66 00:02:50,010 --> 00:02:54,420 stating how those PCB's have the copper wires 67 00:02:54,420 --> 00:02:57,360 printed onto them, so to speak. 68 00:02:57,360 --> 00:02:58,920 Many more applications. 69 00:02:58,920 --> 00:03:01,503 Embedded systems can be found everywhere. 70 00:03:02,460 --> 00:03:04,470 But again, that idea is that, 71 00:03:04,470 --> 00:03:06,750 you have the integrated CPU and RAM, 72 00:03:06,750 --> 00:03:09,120 and it can process information internally, 73 00:03:09,120 --> 00:03:12,360 from an operating system that is embedded in memory, 74 00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:14,760 without the need for an external controlling system. 75 00:03:14,760 --> 00:03:17,340 That's not to say that there won't be one, 76 00:03:17,340 --> 00:03:20,250 because in many cases there will be. 77 00:03:20,250 --> 00:03:22,470 So one example of an environment 78 00:03:22,470 --> 00:03:25,410 where you'll find embedded systems 79 00:03:25,410 --> 00:03:27,270 is gonna be HVAC, 80 00:03:27,270 --> 00:03:30,450 that's heating, ventilation and air conditioning, 81 00:03:30,450 --> 00:03:32,880 at home or in the company. 82 00:03:32,880 --> 00:03:36,300 And here's an example, we have the Nest Thermostat. 83 00:03:36,300 --> 00:03:38,220 And this is something that you would control 84 00:03:38,220 --> 00:03:40,680 from your mobile device wirelessly, 85 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:44,760 but this will then in turn control your air conditioning 86 00:03:44,760 --> 00:03:45,900 and your heat. 87 00:03:45,900 --> 00:03:48,660 So this is a very basic example. 88 00:03:48,660 --> 00:03:52,380 If you get into larger buildings, 89 00:03:52,380 --> 00:03:54,090 you're gonna need something more powerful. 90 00:03:54,090 --> 00:03:56,880 Something like this that might mount to the wall, 91 00:03:56,880 --> 00:04:01,380 with a QVGA screen, an ARM-based CPU. 92 00:04:01,380 --> 00:04:04,620 Traditionally the typical embedded system 93 00:04:04,620 --> 00:04:09,240 is associated with risk processors from the very beginning. 94 00:04:09,240 --> 00:04:11,730 And so with these types of systems nowadays, 95 00:04:11,730 --> 00:04:14,520 you'll see an ARM CPU, an ARM-based CPU. 96 00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:16,470 And various connections available, 97 00:04:16,470 --> 00:04:18,510 Serial connections, the old school. 98 00:04:18,510 --> 00:04:20,670 Serial connections, Ethernet connections, 99 00:04:20,670 --> 00:04:23,100 and USB, as well as wireless sometimes, 100 00:04:23,100 --> 00:04:24,810 but that can be a security risk. 101 00:04:24,810 --> 00:04:26,910 The bigger the environment 102 00:04:26,910 --> 00:04:28,350 that you're trying to control, 103 00:04:28,350 --> 00:04:30,363 the less often you'll find wireless. 104 00:04:31,860 --> 00:04:34,950 Then you have SCADA systems, S-C-A-D-A. 105 00:04:34,950 --> 00:04:37,830 Some people pronounce it SCADA, or SCADA. 106 00:04:37,830 --> 00:04:41,670 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system. 107 00:04:41,670 --> 00:04:44,280 This takes it to the next level. 108 00:04:44,280 --> 00:04:47,280 You have much larger infrastructures 109 00:04:47,280 --> 00:04:48,540 that you're trying to control. 110 00:04:48,540 --> 00:04:51,450 For example, electrical power grids, 111 00:04:51,450 --> 00:04:55,350 water treatment plants, gas and oil pipelines, 112 00:04:55,350 --> 00:04:58,140 hydro-electric systems, sewage systems, 113 00:04:58,140 --> 00:05:00,900 traffic systems, building controls, 114 00:05:00,900 --> 00:05:03,900 dock systems and on and on and on. 115 00:05:03,900 --> 00:05:08,040 Now here, we'll have multiple embedded systems 116 00:05:08,040 --> 00:05:10,890 and at least one controlling computer, 117 00:05:10,890 --> 00:05:13,770 and often special software to control that. 118 00:05:13,770 --> 00:05:16,590 And here's an example, Siemens is a big player 119 00:05:16,590 --> 00:05:18,750 when it comes to SCADA systems 120 00:05:18,750 --> 00:05:21,660 and other industrial control systems. 121 00:05:21,660 --> 00:05:23,640 And you could see here it's gonna come with software 122 00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:25,860 that's run on a PC or a server, 123 00:05:25,860 --> 00:05:29,493 and then you have devices which may be mounted to a wall, 124 00:05:30,390 --> 00:05:32,310 or maybe rack-mounted. 125 00:05:32,310 --> 00:05:34,170 And the whole thing is controlled 126 00:05:34,170 --> 00:05:36,630 from a workstation by an administrator. 127 00:05:36,630 --> 00:05:38,880 And this is an up and coming field 128 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:43,880 for the electronics slash electrical engineer, 129 00:05:44,160 --> 00:05:48,900 that can harness the power and knowledge of hardware, 130 00:05:48,900 --> 00:05:52,680 actual systems and programming 131 00:05:52,680 --> 00:05:55,440 within C Language quite often. 132 00:05:55,440 --> 00:05:57,690 So this is a big field up and coming, 133 00:05:57,690 --> 00:06:00,960 but there's a lot of security issues with this. 134 00:06:00,960 --> 00:06:03,420 You know, I mentioned wireless can be an issue. 135 00:06:03,420 --> 00:06:06,690 Just access to these devices can be an issue in general. 136 00:06:06,690 --> 00:06:09,330 So security is huge because they're used 137 00:06:09,330 --> 00:06:12,480 in the infrastructure of your country, 138 00:06:12,480 --> 00:06:17,370 electrical power grids, nuclear systems, water systems, 139 00:06:17,370 --> 00:06:21,870 really everything that keeps our society going. 140 00:06:21,870 --> 00:06:24,930 So it has to be secured effectively. 141 00:06:24,930 --> 00:06:28,410 So you'll have engineers that program these, 142 00:06:28,410 --> 00:06:31,050 and install them and then you'll have engineers 143 00:06:31,050 --> 00:06:33,390 that secure them as well. 144 00:06:33,390 --> 00:06:37,286 So those are two examples of embedded environments, 145 00:06:37,286 --> 00:06:40,110 HVAC and SCADA systems. 146 00:06:40,110 --> 00:06:41,520 You also have legacy devices. 147 00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:43,320 The A Plus exams might ask you 148 00:06:43,320 --> 00:06:44,460 about legacy devices. 149 00:06:44,460 --> 00:06:46,320 These are older embedded systems. 150 00:06:46,320 --> 00:06:50,160 And some examples, the old school PC-104 computer, 151 00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:54,600 which run between 25 and 33 megahertz, 152 00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:59,600 very basic, single-board with a very simple CPU and RAM. 153 00:07:02,100 --> 00:07:06,450 Also DAQ controllers, older thin clients as well. 154 00:07:06,450 --> 00:07:08,880 Give a couple quick examples of those. 155 00:07:08,880 --> 00:07:12,930 Here are some single-board PC-104 embedded computers, 156 00:07:12,930 --> 00:07:15,930 and the reason they still sell these is because, 157 00:07:15,930 --> 00:07:18,030 your company's HVAC 158 00:07:18,030 --> 00:07:22,080 or whatever system they're running might use a box 159 00:07:22,080 --> 00:07:24,090 that controls these things. 160 00:07:24,090 --> 00:07:26,130 And the boards can go bad over time. 161 00:07:26,130 --> 00:07:27,960 It could be because of condensation, 162 00:07:27,960 --> 00:07:29,880 or it could be 163 00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:32,430 because the environment's very dirty and dusty, 164 00:07:32,430 --> 00:07:34,560 or chips just fail over time. 165 00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:37,773 So they sell boards that you can replace inside the box. 166 00:07:38,640 --> 00:07:40,950 And you could see here, 33 megahertz, 167 00:07:40,950 --> 00:07:43,050 16 megabytes of RAM, 168 00:07:43,050 --> 00:07:45,960 one megabyte flash onboard storage, 169 00:07:45,960 --> 00:07:48,660 and then your interfaces, the PC-104 interface, 170 00:07:48,660 --> 00:07:52,830 two comports, an RS485, that's a serial port. 171 00:07:52,830 --> 00:07:56,070 So you have this basic legacy board, 172 00:07:56,070 --> 00:07:57,420 but again if you're gonna be using 173 00:07:57,420 --> 00:08:00,660 a more advanced industrial control system, 174 00:08:00,660 --> 00:08:03,753 you may want to phase these guys out. 175 00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:08,130 Here's a multiple serial port box, 176 00:08:08,130 --> 00:08:11,040 which can control a lot of those old devices. 177 00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:13,560 It can connect them all to this box. 178 00:08:13,560 --> 00:08:15,300 And then you have connectivity 179 00:08:15,300 --> 00:08:17,490 through the Ethernet or USB, 180 00:08:17,490 --> 00:08:20,310 so you can control it from a newer system. 181 00:08:20,310 --> 00:08:22,530 But again it could be a security risk with that 182 00:08:22,530 --> 00:08:25,530 if you are using older boxes. 183 00:08:25,530 --> 00:08:28,290 So you gotta be careful with the legacy devices. 184 00:08:28,290 --> 00:08:29,370 And you'll notice down here 185 00:08:29,370 --> 00:08:33,180 that this is a part of the RoHS initiative, 186 00:08:33,180 --> 00:08:36,090 RoHS initiative, which is the lead-free initiative. 187 00:08:36,090 --> 00:08:38,490 That's a big deal in manufacturing 188 00:08:38,490 --> 00:08:40,980 and has been for 10 to 15 years, 189 00:08:40,980 --> 00:08:42,990 you wanna make sure that everything is lead-free, 190 00:08:42,990 --> 00:08:45,000 especially the boards. 191 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:47,070 Any boards that you buy, 192 00:08:47,070 --> 00:08:48,900 you wanna make sure that there is no lead 193 00:08:48,900 --> 00:08:52,740 in the manufacturing process, in the PCB process. 194 00:08:52,740 --> 00:08:54,600 And then here's an older thin client. 195 00:08:54,600 --> 00:08:56,250 This one isn't too old, 196 00:08:56,250 --> 00:08:58,110 but you can see some of the telltale signs 197 00:08:58,110 --> 00:09:01,440 of an older thin client that a company might have used 198 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:03,510 as a replacement for a PC. 199 00:09:03,510 --> 00:09:07,800 You can see an LPT port, that's a Parallel 25 pin. 200 00:09:07,800 --> 00:09:10,710 You could see your serial comports, 201 00:09:10,710 --> 00:09:13,860 you could see PS2, which actually have made a comeback 202 00:09:13,860 --> 00:09:18,860 on some PC's as a combo-port, keyboard and mouse in one. 203 00:09:18,930 --> 00:09:20,670 But you'll see a lot of these ports here, 204 00:09:20,670 --> 00:09:22,620 those little legacy ports. 205 00:09:22,620 --> 00:09:27,300 The older legacy thin clients also have security issues, 206 00:09:27,300 --> 00:09:28,590 but the main problem with them 207 00:09:28,590 --> 00:09:30,480 is they're usually not fast enough 208 00:09:30,480 --> 00:09:32,700 to run the embedded operating systems 209 00:09:32,700 --> 00:09:35,040 that are required for today. 210 00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:36,690 So that a little bit about embedded systems. 211 00:09:36,690 --> 00:09:38,910 Again, really any thing could be considered 212 00:09:38,910 --> 00:09:41,790 an embedded system that has CPU and RAM 213 00:09:41,790 --> 00:09:43,470 which can process information 214 00:09:43,470 --> 00:09:46,500 with an embedded operating system of some sort. 215 00:09:46,500 --> 00:09:47,970 It could be basic Linux, 216 00:09:47,970 --> 00:09:50,460 it could be something that you wrote yourself 217 00:09:50,460 --> 00:09:53,580 from Windows C, it could be Android, 218 00:09:53,580 --> 00:09:55,530 it could be iOS, 219 00:09:55,530 --> 00:09:57,840 but the idea is that it's a single device. 220 00:09:57,840 --> 00:09:59,790 But traditionally, the embedded system 221 00:09:59,790 --> 00:10:02,670 is something that deals with industrial, 222 00:10:02,670 --> 00:10:04,320 HVAC systems, 223 00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:07,650 or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems 224 00:10:07,650 --> 00:10:10,320 in larger infrastructures. 225 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:12,630 So that's a little bit about embedded systems, 226 00:10:12,630 --> 00:10:15,510 so you wanna know just the basics about that, 227 00:10:15,510 --> 00:10:18,930 and also your internet appliances for the exams, 228 00:10:18,930 --> 00:10:23,930 your firewalls, yous IDS and IPS and your UTM solutions. 229 00:10:24,090 --> 00:10:25,410 And the different type of servers 230 00:10:25,410 --> 00:10:26,243 that are out there, 231 00:10:26,243 --> 00:10:29,160 and the server roles that you might encounter. 232 00:10:29,160 --> 00:10:30,960 And I'll see you at the next lesson.