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<v Instructor>Mobile Forensics.</v>
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Now, you may be wondering,
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Why am I bringing up mobile technologies and forensics
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inside of this section of the course when we're talking
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about application related indicators of compromise?
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Well, the reason is a lot of our applications these days
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are being run on mobile devices,
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and these mobile devices can be a vector
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or a target for many of our incidents,
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especially in an enterprise environment.
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Another issue we have to consider here
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when we're dealing with mobile devices
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is the fact that many of them connect
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to our corporate networks.
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For example, if you use a VPN to connect your mobile device
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back into your corporate network
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and there's something wrong on your mobile device
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that was already attacked,
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you can now bring that into the corporate network as well.
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And so this can actually lead to cases
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where we have to conduct forensics
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on your endpoint, your mobile device,
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to find out exactly what the intrusion vector was.
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Now, as we go through this section
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we're going to talk about a couple of key areas.
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We're going to talk about data collection,
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extraction and analysis methods,
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forensic software, and carrier logs,
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and how we're going to relate all of these
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to mobile device forensics.
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First, let's talk about data collection.
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We're going to have to have tools that facilitate the imaging
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of a mobile device's system memory, the RAM inside of it,
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as well as the flash memory that's used
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for persistent storage that acts as its hard drive.
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Even though mobile devices don't have hard drives
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they have solid state devices,
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this is really that flash memory we're talking about.
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Now, how are we going to collect that information?
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Because the data is stored on flash memory chips
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that are soldered to the system board.
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So it's not as easy as going into a laptop
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and removing a hard drive.
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We have this soldered on memory chip,
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and that becomes really difficult for us to work with.
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Yes, it's true that if we're dealing
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with a law enforcement effort,
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we can have experts who know how to desolder these boards
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and collect them bit by bit using off-chip methods,
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but for most of us, we are not going to have that capability.
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And so instead, we're going to have to hook up these devices
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and use something like a debugging port
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or a joint test action group hardware interface
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that allow us to get the information off of those devices.
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Now, all modern iOS and Android devices
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also have encryption enabled by default
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for these solid state devices.
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So the data on them is going to be encrypted.
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So we better have a way to decrypt them as well.
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The easiest way is if we have the password
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or the user unlocks the device for us.
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If we're working with somebody in our organization
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that's cooperative as part of our investigation,
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that will likely happen.
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But if we're dealing with a law enforcement action,
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again, that's unlikely to happen,
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and we're going to have to use other methods
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including something like a zero-day exploit
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to get into that device.
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Now, one other area that I want to bring up real quick
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is if you're working for law enforcement
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and you're worried about that device being remotely wiped,
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you do want to collect your devices
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and put them in a Faraday bag.
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A Faraday bag is simply a device that allows you
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putting your smartphones or tablets into that,
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and it blocks any radio frequency from getting into that.
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So if I had a device, for instance, an iPhone,
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and I place it in the bag and seal up the bag,
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it won't let the cellular signal get in or out of that bag.
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That way an attacker can't remotely send a kill command
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or a wipe command to that device once I have it in custody.
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Again, this is something
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that all law enforcement is trained on,
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and they use this as one of their standard procedures
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to ensure nobody can affect that device
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after they've collected it.
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Now, there is one other area that we have to touch on,
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and I know that I have students from all around the world,
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but here in the United States,
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we have something known as the Fifth Amendment.
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Now in the United States, the Fifth Amendment means
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that a suspect cannot be compelled
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to give you access to their devices.
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For example, if I have my smartphone,
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and I have evidence on there that's incriminating to me,
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and you ask me to unlock my smartphone
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by using my thumbprint, or my face, or even my PIN number,
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I don't have to do that if that would give you access
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to incriminating evidence on my device.
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That's part of the Fifth Amendment.
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This has been upheld in courts time and time again.
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This may not apply in your region of the world
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if you're outside of the United States,
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but this is a big area of concern
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inside the United States and for U.S. companies,
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especially if you're doing something
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like a Bring Your Own Device Policy where you allow users
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to bring their own devices onto your corporate network.
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Once they do that,
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that doesn't automatically give you a right
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to go and search their devices.
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That would be an unlawful search and seizure.
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And so this is an area you have to be thinking about
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as you're dealing with different devices.
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And if you're working with law enforcement, remember,
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there are rules against what you can and cannot do.
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And one of those things is you can't take the device
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and hold it up to somebody's face to unlock it,
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because that would be a violation of the Fifth Amendment.
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Now, let's go into our second area.
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Let's assume that we've gotten into the device.
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Now, we need to extract and analyze the data.
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And we're going to use extraction
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and analysis methods for this.
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These are analysis techniques for mobile devices,
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and many of them are very similar to what we talked about
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with Windows and Linux workstations.
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Since most of our mobile devices actually rely
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on Unix-like operating systems.
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If you're using iOS, which is what iPhones use
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that is a Unix-based operating system.
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If you're using Android,
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it's a Linux-based operating system.
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If you're using one of those older Windows mobile devices,
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that relies on a Windows-based operating system.
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So again, all three of these still have roots
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in the Windows and Linux and Unix world,
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and therefore, it's going to use a lot
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of the same type of techniques that we used before.
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As we begin our extraction,
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there are four different ways we can do this.
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The first is manual extraction.
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This means we're going to take the device
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and simply scroll through the settings and the app screens
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to find the information we need.
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So if I'm part of a law enforcement team
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and I find a device sitting on a counter
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and it's already unlocked, I can actually pick it up
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and start looking through that,
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looking through the contacts, the call logs,
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previous areas they've looked at on maps,
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or different addresses they've navigated to,
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and collect that information.
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Now, if you're doing this,
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you should have somebody over your shoulder
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filming a video showing everything you're doing.
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This way you can prove
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there are no changes being introduced.
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For instance, you're not making phone calls
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that could then later be put in there and saying,
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"Oh, this bad person had made a phone call
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to this drug dealer,"
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and you were really the one who made the call.
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So you need to make sure none of that happens.
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Second, we can move into logical extraction.
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Now, logical extraction refers to using different utilities.
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They're supplied by the device or the vendor
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to extract the data for later analysis.
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For example, if you have somebody who has an iPhone,
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you can do a data backup to iCloud.
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And then from iCloud,
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you could get that information you needed.
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This is one of the ways to do it.
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It's an easy way to get the information off the device,
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into another area for later analysis.
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Again, if your device was encrypted, that key,
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if you don't have it, you're not going to get into the data.
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Even if you back it up to iCloud,
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iCloud's going to require that key to unlock that data
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'cause it's going to do an encrypted backup.
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If you're using an Android device, for example,
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you can also do logical extraction
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over the device's debug interface,
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which is known as ADB, the Android Debug Bridge.
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This will allow you to retrieve data off the device as well.
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The third way we can do things
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is by doing a file system extraction.
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Now, a file system extraction is where we're going to start
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making a copy of all the unencrypted data,
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just like we did when we did an image before
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of a desktop or a laptop, and then we would go
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into something like EnCase or FTK to analyze it.
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Now, that will work for these devices,
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but again, remember, they're not Windows or Linux.
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They are Android and iOS,
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and so there are special tools you may need.
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A lot of the data that's stored on these devices is stored
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inside of individual databases known as SQLite databases.
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So if you download those,
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that's not a file you can just easily open up
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unless you have a specific tool to do that,
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such as an SQL database browser
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like you see here on the screen.
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This will allow you to get the information out of that,
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and a lot of these databases contain a lot of information,
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such as logs and user-generated data.
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All of that could be evidence in your investigation.
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Our fourth method of extraction for mobile devices
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is call data extraction.
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Now, this is where you can use tools
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to pull out information off of a SIM card.
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This would give you things like outgoing calls,
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text messages, and other things like that
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that could be stored on that SIM card,
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including their contacts.
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All of this is data that could be possible evidence
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in your investigation.
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Now, the third main area we need to talk about
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is mobile device forensic software.
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As I said, lots of these devices are Unix-based
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or Linux-based, but there are specific tools you can use
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to collect this data a lot easier and then analyze it.
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For example, Cellebrite is one of these tools.
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This is a tool that's focused on evidence extraction
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from smartphones and other mobile devices,
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including older feature phones
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and from cloud data and metadata
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using a universal forensic extraction device, or UFED.
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Now, what is a universal forensic extraction device?
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Well, this is essentially a standalone device.
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And you can just take the phone and plug it into it,
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and this all in one device does all the hard work for you.
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It does a forensically sound image,
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and then allows you to analyze the data
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from within this standalone workstation.
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In addition to this, Cellebrite does sell a version
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that is software-based that could be loaded onto a laptop,
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but most people prefer to use the standalone solution.
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Now, another tool you can use
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is what's known as the Mobile Phone Examiner Plus, or MPE+.
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This is a mobile device forensics tool
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that's created by AccessData,
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which is the developers of FTK.
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Essentially, this is a tool that allows us
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to do a lot of the features like FTK would,
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but designed specifically for mobile phones.
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Just like FTK has their version, EnCase has theirs.
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And EnCase Portable is a mobile device forensic tool
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created by Guidance Software,
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the developers of EnCase, and again,
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this is basically the mobile phone version of EnCase.
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The fourth and final area we need to talk about
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is carrier provided logs.
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This is any records of device activity
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that could be acquired
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from the mobile device's cellular service provider
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with the use of a warrant.
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Now, this is really important because as a company,
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we are not going to be able to do this,
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but if you're working for law enforcement, you could.
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As you go through, you're going to be able to find a lot
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of information from these carriers
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if you have the right warrant.
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Now, one of the things to keep in mind here
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is that a lot of the information
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has a very short retention period.
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For example, personal identifiable information, or PII,
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has an extremely short retention period
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due to different privacy laws.
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And so if you're trying to go into an investigation
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and ask for data from a year ago,
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that company may not have it anymore.
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Instead, you need to ask for things quickly
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when you need it, using the appropriate warrants.
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And again, this really only applies
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to law enforcement professionals.
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So what kind of information can you get
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from carrier provided logs?
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Well, you can get call details.
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You can get voicemail details.
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You can get text message, or SMS, details.
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You can even get images sent over those text messages
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using the MMS service.
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You can get IP address destinations
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of what they're trying to browse over the internet.
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You can get session information,
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and you can get geolocation data
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such as where was that device,
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at what time, and in what day.
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This is all really important information that you can get
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if you get it from your carrier provider.
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But again, you are going to have to have a legal warrant
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to be able to legally search and seize
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that information from the carrier,
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and they're not going to provide it to you
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without that warrant.
