1 1 00:00:00,360 --> 00:00:02,160 Training and testing. 2 2 00:00:03,030 --> 00:00:05,670 The last thing we have to focus on in our preparation 3 3 00:00:05,670 --> 00:00:07,440 is training and testing. 4 4 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:09,960 And there is a difference between those two things. 5 5 00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:12,030 First, let's talk about training. 6 6 00:00:12,030 --> 00:00:14,520 Training is education to ensure employees 7 7 00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:17,340 and staff understand your processes, procedures 8 8 00:00:17,340 --> 00:00:20,130 and priorities during an incident response. 9 9 00:00:20,130 --> 00:00:21,450 By conducting training, 10 10 00:00:21,450 --> 00:00:23,940 you're going to make sure that your people are ready to respond 11 11 00:00:23,940 --> 00:00:25,800 when something bad happens. 12 12 00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:27,810 Training should be provided to all employees 13 13 00:00:27,810 --> 00:00:31,650 with a relevant perspective and focus based on their needs 14 14 00:00:31,650 --> 00:00:34,710 because not everyone is going to get the same training. 15 15 00:00:34,710 --> 00:00:36,960 For example, if you're a responder, 16 16 00:00:36,960 --> 00:00:39,120 you need training in a technical capacity. 17 17 00:00:39,120 --> 00:00:40,950 What are the procedures you're going to follow? 18 18 00:00:40,950 --> 00:00:42,630 How do you re-image a machine? 19 19 00:00:42,630 --> 00:00:44,010 How do you remove malware? 20 20 00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:46,080 How do you change configuration settings? 21 21 00:00:46,080 --> 00:00:49,170 All of that stuff is part of your responding training. 22 22 00:00:49,170 --> 00:00:51,000 Now, if you're a manager or an executive, 23 23 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:52,770 you're going to have different training requirements. 24 24 00:00:52,770 --> 00:00:55,470 You're going to be focused more on risk versus reward. 25 25 00:00:55,470 --> 00:00:57,900 You're going to be focused more on managerial decision making 26 26 00:00:57,900 --> 00:01:00,390 and communication across the organization 27 27 00:01:00,390 --> 00:01:02,280 and outside the organization 28 28 00:01:02,280 --> 00:01:04,860 with law enforcement and the media as well. 29 29 00:01:04,860 --> 00:01:06,630 And finally, we have our end users. 30 30 00:01:06,630 --> 00:01:08,850 And our end users need to be trained as well. 31 31 00:01:08,850 --> 00:01:10,650 They need to be trained on the way to report 32 32 00:01:10,650 --> 00:01:12,900 if they suspect an incident is occurring. 33 33 00:01:12,900 --> 00:01:14,280 For instance, as an end user, 34 34 00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:17,220 if I open up my email and I see a phishing campaign, 35 35 00:01:17,220 --> 00:01:19,530 how do I report that to the service desk? 36 36 00:01:19,530 --> 00:01:21,510 If I went and clicked on one of those links, 37 37 00:01:21,510 --> 00:01:23,430 I'm going to need remedial training to know 38 38 00:01:23,430 --> 00:01:25,050 how to identify that in the future 39 39 00:01:25,050 --> 00:01:27,330 and make sure I don't fall for that again. 40 40 00:01:27,330 --> 00:01:29,310 This is the idea of your end user training. 41 41 00:01:29,310 --> 00:01:31,740 They need training on how to be a better user 42 42 00:01:31,740 --> 00:01:32,790 and how to prevent incidents 43 43 00:01:32,790 --> 00:01:34,710 from occurring in the first place. 44 44 00:01:34,710 --> 00:01:36,420 Now, when you're providing training, 45 45 00:01:36,420 --> 00:01:38,490 one of the things you want to make sure you're capturing 46 46 00:01:38,490 --> 00:01:40,770 is lessons learned from previous incidents, 47 47 00:01:40,770 --> 00:01:43,020 and you want to bring those back up during training. 48 48 00:01:43,020 --> 00:01:44,970 Because when you have a lessons learned 49 49 00:01:44,970 --> 00:01:47,070 that means it's something that went wrong in the past. 50 50 00:01:47,070 --> 00:01:48,480 And how we can do it better in the future 51 51 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:51,480 is by training people on those lessons learned. 52 52 00:01:51,480 --> 00:01:53,190 If we just write down those lessons learned 53 53 00:01:53,190 --> 00:01:55,620 and nobody reads it again and nobody gets training on it, 54 54 00:01:55,620 --> 00:01:57,510 then we're going to be doomed to repeat those things. 55 55 00:01:57,510 --> 00:01:59,580 And so we want to make sure we're preventing that. 56 56 00:01:59,580 --> 00:02:01,290 Remember, when you're doing training, 57 57 00:02:01,290 --> 00:02:03,480 it's not just about technical skill here. 58 58 00:02:03,480 --> 00:02:05,310 You also need to include soft skills 59 59 00:02:05,310 --> 00:02:07,680 and relationship building within your teams, 60 60 00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:09,150 because that is important as well 61 61 00:02:09,150 --> 00:02:11,730 if you want a high functioning CSIRT. 62 62 00:02:11,730 --> 00:02:13,710 Next, let's talk about testing. 63 63 00:02:13,710 --> 00:02:15,750 Now, testing is the practical exercising 64 64 00:02:15,750 --> 00:02:17,790 of incident response procedures. 65 65 00:02:17,790 --> 00:02:20,430 With training, we're going to teach you what to do, 66 66 00:02:20,430 --> 00:02:23,400 in testing, we're going to make sure you know how to do it. 67 67 00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:24,570 Now, when we're dealing with testing, 68 68 00:02:24,570 --> 00:02:25,860 we'll often conduct a test 69 69 00:02:25,860 --> 00:02:27,990 to simulate a significant incident. 70 70 00:02:27,990 --> 00:02:30,630 Now, the challenge with this is doing this is very costly 71 71 00:02:30,630 --> 00:02:32,760 and it can be a complex event. 72 72 00:02:32,760 --> 00:02:34,140 For example, I've been involved 73 73 00:02:34,140 --> 00:02:36,330 with a lot of testing over the years. 74 74 00:02:36,330 --> 00:02:39,060 One such test was a full scale exercise 75 75 00:02:39,060 --> 00:02:40,800 that showed exactly what we would do 76 76 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:43,830 in the event that we had a large scale data breach. 77 77 00:02:43,830 --> 00:02:47,070 Now, this went across multiple sites around the world 78 78 00:02:47,070 --> 00:02:50,310 and it cost us hundreds of thousands of dollars to do, 79 79 00:02:50,310 --> 00:02:52,770 but it made sure everyone knew what they were doing 80 80 00:02:52,770 --> 00:02:55,050 and that we could actually go through those actions 81 81 00:02:55,050 --> 00:02:57,540 and get a bad guy out of our systems. 82 82 00:02:57,540 --> 00:02:59,100 Now, when you're designing your test, 83 83 00:02:59,100 --> 00:03:01,530 you can do it in one of two major ways. 84 84 00:03:01,530 --> 00:03:02,940 The first is a tabletop 85 85 00:03:02,940 --> 00:03:05,160 and the second is a penetration test. 86 86 00:03:05,160 --> 00:03:06,900 Let's talk about both of these. 87 87 00:03:06,900 --> 00:03:09,960 When we're dealing with a tabletop exercise or a TTX, 88 88 00:03:09,960 --> 00:03:12,810 this is an exercise that uses an instant response scenario 89 89 00:03:12,810 --> 00:03:15,900 against a framework of controls or a red team. 90 90 00:03:15,900 --> 00:03:17,880 Now, the reason we call it a tabletop exercise 91 91 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:20,070 is because we're doing it on a tabletop 92 92 00:03:20,070 --> 00:03:22,560 and we're not physically doing it in our networks. 93 93 00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:25,650 In a tabletop, we might gather experts around the table 94 94 00:03:25,650 --> 00:03:27,330 and we'll start presenting scenarios. 95 95 00:03:27,330 --> 00:03:30,060 For instance, if I was leading the tabletop, we could say, 96 96 00:03:30,060 --> 00:03:32,220 you have an indication of a data breach. 97 97 00:03:32,220 --> 00:03:34,470 It's occurring on this database server. 98 98 00:03:34,470 --> 00:03:35,310 What do you do? 99 99 00:03:35,310 --> 00:03:36,720 And then the defenders would start saying 100 100 00:03:36,720 --> 00:03:39,000 what they're going to do, and they would each take turns, 101 101 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:40,530 almost like they're role-playing, 102 102 00:03:40,530 --> 00:03:43,320 what they would do in the case of this particular scenario 103 103 00:03:43,320 --> 00:03:45,300 as they work through that event. 104 104 00:03:45,300 --> 00:03:47,070 Now, the benefit of doing a tabletop is 105 105 00:03:47,070 --> 00:03:50,130 it's a lot less expensive than a full-blown exercise, 106 106 00:03:50,130 --> 00:03:52,710 but there are some negatives to it in the fact 107 107 00:03:52,710 --> 00:03:54,780 that you can't get this hands-on experience 108 108 00:03:54,780 --> 00:03:57,000 because you're not physically doing the things 109 109 00:03:57,000 --> 00:04:00,360 on the keyboard and making actions happen on the network. 110 110 00:04:00,360 --> 00:04:03,390 So it's really more of a theoretical exercise here. 111 111 00:04:03,390 --> 00:04:04,740 Now, another way you can do this 112 112 00:04:04,740 --> 00:04:07,830 is you can break people up into red teams and blue teams. 113 113 00:04:07,830 --> 00:04:09,630 Now the red teams are the attackers 114 114 00:04:09,630 --> 00:04:11,550 and the blue teams are the defenders. 115 115 00:04:11,550 --> 00:04:13,020 And so you can actually take turns saying, 116 116 00:04:13,020 --> 00:04:14,640 okay, here's a scenario, 117 117 00:04:14,640 --> 00:04:16,920 blue team this is what you detect, what do you do? 118 118 00:04:16,920 --> 00:04:18,330 And then based on what they say 119 119 00:04:18,330 --> 00:04:19,290 the red team then says, 120 120 00:04:19,290 --> 00:04:21,570 okay, we would then do X, Y, and Z. 121 121 00:04:21,570 --> 00:04:22,590 And then the blue team would say, 122 122 00:04:22,590 --> 00:04:26,100 well, then we would see this and respond in A, B, and C. 123 123 00:04:26,100 --> 00:04:27,210 And they'll go back and forth 124 124 00:04:27,210 --> 00:04:30,600 through several rounds to hit and attack and defend 125 125 00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:34,050 and go back and forth until we can see what the effects are. 126 126 00:04:34,050 --> 00:04:35,820 The benefits of doing it as a red team 127 127 00:04:35,820 --> 00:04:37,650 versus blue team type scenario 128 128 00:04:37,650 --> 00:04:39,900 is that you're going to get live people thinking 129 129 00:04:39,900 --> 00:04:41,490 through both the attacker side 130 130 00:04:41,490 --> 00:04:43,530 and the defender side to help you come up 131 131 00:04:43,530 --> 00:04:44,520 with a better solution 132 132 00:04:44,520 --> 00:04:46,320 and how you can figure out better controls 133 133 00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:48,060 to protect your network. 134 134 00:04:48,060 --> 00:04:49,350 Now, another way you can do this 135 135 00:04:49,350 --> 00:04:51,810 is by actually getting people on the network. 136 136 00:04:51,810 --> 00:04:54,240 And this is done through a penetration test. 137 137 00:04:54,240 --> 00:04:55,680 Now, a penetration test occurs 138 138 00:04:55,680 --> 00:04:57,690 when a red team attempts to conduct an intrusion 139 139 00:04:57,690 --> 00:05:00,840 onto the network using a specific scenario based 140 140 00:05:00,840 --> 00:05:02,250 on threat modeling. 141 141 00:05:02,250 --> 00:05:03,900 Now, this is an important concept here 142 142 00:05:03,900 --> 00:05:05,910 when we're talking about penetration testing, 143 143 00:05:05,910 --> 00:05:08,460 because we're not just doing something against the network 144 144 00:05:08,460 --> 00:05:10,530 to see what we can do to get in. 145 145 00:05:10,530 --> 00:05:12,840 We have a specific goal in mind. 146 146 00:05:12,840 --> 00:05:15,420 So, if my goal is to go after the database server, 147 147 00:05:15,420 --> 00:05:17,910 I'm not going to throw a distributed denial of service attack 148 148 00:05:17,910 --> 00:05:18,743 at you. 149 149 00:05:18,743 --> 00:05:20,370 That wouldn't be a valid pen-test. 150 150 00:05:20,370 --> 00:05:22,470 So instead, we have a specific scenario based 151 151 00:05:22,470 --> 00:05:23,640 on threat modeling, 152 152 00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:26,340 meaning we know what a regular adversary would do, 153 153 00:05:26,340 --> 00:05:28,590 and we're going to base our actions on that. 154 154 00:05:28,590 --> 00:05:30,360 Now, when you're dealing with a penetration test, 155 155 00:05:30,360 --> 00:05:33,000 you always have to agree on a clear methodology 156 156 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:35,700 and rules of engagement before that penetration test 157 157 00:05:35,700 --> 00:05:36,750 is performed. 158 158 00:05:36,750 --> 00:05:38,010 This is critically important 159 159 00:05:38,010 --> 00:05:40,230 because there are rules to these things. 160 160 00:05:40,230 --> 00:05:41,820 Like I said, I'm not just going to throw 161 161 00:05:41,820 --> 00:05:44,040 a distributed denial of service attack at you 162 162 00:05:44,040 --> 00:05:45,450 because that would probably be against 163 163 00:05:45,450 --> 00:05:46,740 the rules of engagement. 164 164 00:05:46,740 --> 00:05:48,300 Now, if they're in my rules of engagement, 165 165 00:05:48,300 --> 00:05:50,430 then that would be fair game, but in most cases, 166 166 00:05:50,430 --> 00:05:52,170 that's not going to be in there. 167 167 00:05:52,170 --> 00:05:55,410 Now, penetration testing is covered in much more depth 168 168 00:05:55,410 --> 00:05:58,200 if you take the CompTIA pen-test plus exam. 169 169 00:05:58,200 --> 00:05:59,160 The reason for this is 170 170 00:05:59,160 --> 00:06:01,830 that certification is all about red teaming. 171 171 00:06:01,830 --> 00:06:04,470 It is all about being a penetration tester. 172 172 00:06:04,470 --> 00:06:08,070 Whereas here in CySA, we are more focused on defense. 173 173 00:06:08,070 --> 00:06:09,990 But as a defender, you should be familiar 174 174 00:06:09,990 --> 00:06:11,310 with at least a couple of tools 175 175 00:06:11,310 --> 00:06:13,140 that are used by pen-testers. 176 176 00:06:13,140 --> 00:06:14,760 Some of the most common ones you're going to see 177 177 00:06:14,760 --> 00:06:18,600 are things like Metasploit, Cobalt Strike, Kali Linux, 178 178 00:06:18,600 --> 00:06:21,270 ParrotOS and Commando OS. 179 179 00:06:21,270 --> 00:06:23,340 As a defender, if you ever see these tools 180 180 00:06:23,340 --> 00:06:26,640 or operating systems on your network, you should be thinking 181 181 00:06:26,640 --> 00:06:29,040 about the fact that they are penetration testing tools 182 182 00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:31,410 which could be used as part of a penetration test 183 183 00:06:31,410 --> 00:06:33,720 or even worse by an attacker, 184 184 00:06:33,720 --> 00:06:35,970 because most of these are open source tools 185 185 00:06:35,970 --> 00:06:37,893 that anyone can download and use.