1 1 00:00:00,510 --> 00:00:02,880 Wireless assessment tools. 2 2 00:00:02,880 --> 00:00:05,040 In this lesson, we are going to talk about a couple 3 3 00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:06,960 of different wireless assessment tools 4 4 00:00:06,960 --> 00:00:10,110 that help us detect if there are wireless networks around. 5 5 00:00:10,110 --> 00:00:11,970 Now, when we talk about wireless assessment tools, 6 6 00:00:11,970 --> 00:00:14,730 these are tools to detect the presence of wireless networks 7 7 00:00:14,730 --> 00:00:16,230 to identify what security type 8 8 00:00:16,230 --> 00:00:18,330 and configuration those networks are using 9 9 00:00:18,330 --> 00:00:20,700 and even try to exploit any weaknesses 10 10 00:00:20,700 --> 00:00:24,750 in that security to gain unauthorized access to the network. 11 11 00:00:24,750 --> 00:00:27,120 Now, the real benefit of wireless assessment tools 12 12 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:28,770 is they allow us to get information 13 13 00:00:28,770 --> 00:00:30,750 about these wireless networks. 14 14 00:00:30,750 --> 00:00:33,210 As a network defender, your wireless networks 15 15 00:00:33,210 --> 00:00:36,060 are one of the most vulnerable things in your network, 16 16 00:00:36,060 --> 00:00:38,790 so you need to understand what vulnerabilities exist 17 17 00:00:38,790 --> 00:00:41,850 by going through and conducting assessments against them. 18 18 00:00:41,850 --> 00:00:43,980 For example, for somebody to just sniff 19 19 00:00:43,980 --> 00:00:46,410 your wireless traffic, it's really easy. 20 20 00:00:46,410 --> 00:00:47,880 If I'm close enough to your building, 21 21 00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:49,950 I can turn my card into what's known 22 22 00:00:49,950 --> 00:00:51,900 as monitor mode or promiscuous mode, 23 23 00:00:51,900 --> 00:00:53,310 and if I can do that, 24 24 00:00:53,310 --> 00:00:54,300 I can start sniffing 25 25 00:00:54,300 --> 00:00:57,120 all your non-unicast traffic immediately 26 26 00:00:57,120 --> 00:00:58,260 and start collecting it 27 27 00:00:58,260 --> 00:01:00,810 and then I can use that to crack your network password 28 28 00:01:00,810 --> 00:01:02,610 and then break onto your network. 29 29 00:01:02,610 --> 00:01:04,110 That's the idea of how vulnerable 30 30 00:01:04,110 --> 00:01:05,550 these wireless networks are. 31 31 00:01:05,550 --> 00:01:07,170 So we have to understand that 32 32 00:01:07,170 --> 00:01:09,990 and that's why we have these wireless assessment tools. 33 33 00:01:09,990 --> 00:01:13,110 In this lesson, we're going to talk about two main tool suites. 34 34 00:01:13,110 --> 00:01:16,890 The first is Aircrack-ng, and the second is Reaver. 35 35 00:01:16,890 --> 00:01:18,807 Let's start with Aircrack-ng. 36 36 00:01:18,807 --> 00:01:22,110 Aircrack-ng, as a tool suite, is a suite of utilities 37 37 00:01:22,110 --> 00:01:25,080 that's designed for wireless network security testing. 38 38 00:01:25,080 --> 00:01:26,940 Now the reason we call this a suite of tools 39 39 00:01:26,940 --> 00:01:29,820 is because there are actually four tools inside of it. 40 40 00:01:29,820 --> 00:01:31,320 There's Airmon-ng, 41 41 00:01:31,320 --> 00:01:33,810 which allows us to enable or disable monitor mode 42 42 00:01:33,810 --> 00:01:35,010 on our cards. 43 43 00:01:35,010 --> 00:01:36,570 There's Airodump-ng, 44 44 00:01:36,570 --> 00:01:38,790 which allows us to capture those wireless frames 45 45 00:01:38,790 --> 00:01:40,230 that are going across the air 46 46 00:01:40,230 --> 00:01:42,030 and we'll be able to identify that information 47 47 00:01:42,030 --> 00:01:44,820 of the wireless access point based on its Mac address. 48 48 00:01:44,820 --> 00:01:48,120 And we can also identify clients based on their Mac address. 49 49 00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:50,040 We also have Aireplay-ng, 50 50 00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:51,330 which is going to inject frames 51 51 00:01:51,330 --> 00:01:54,210 to perform the attacks to obtain authentication credentials 52 52 00:01:54,210 --> 00:01:55,650 for an access point. 53 53 00:01:55,650 --> 00:01:58,410 Essentially, I can deauthenticate you from a device 54 54 00:01:58,410 --> 00:02:00,330 and then try to reconnect to that device 55 55 00:02:00,330 --> 00:02:02,490 when I capture your reauthentication. 56 56 00:02:02,490 --> 00:02:04,710 And then we have Aircrack-ng. 57 57 00:02:04,710 --> 00:02:07,890 Aircrack-ng allows us to extract the authentication key 58 58 00:02:07,890 --> 00:02:11,250 and try to retrieve the plain text version of your password 59 59 00:02:11,250 --> 00:02:12,660 for that network. 60 60 00:02:12,660 --> 00:02:16,320 Now, lucky for us, Aircrack-ng is really only effective 61 61 00:02:16,320 --> 00:02:18,030 against WEP-based networks. 62 62 00:02:18,030 --> 00:02:20,730 For a WEP-based network, you can crack that password 63 63 00:02:20,730 --> 00:02:22,320 every single time. 64 64 00:02:22,320 --> 00:02:26,580 Refusing WPA or WPA2 with a long, strong password, 65 65 00:02:26,580 --> 00:02:28,500 it would take a really long time to brute force 66 66 00:02:28,500 --> 00:02:29,490 that password. 67 67 00:02:29,490 --> 00:02:31,590 So one of your best mitigations here 68 68 00:02:31,590 --> 00:02:33,870 is using long, strong passwords, 69 69 00:02:33,870 --> 00:02:35,820 especially in a home environment. 70 70 00:02:35,820 --> 00:02:37,680 Now, in a corporate environment, 71 71 00:02:37,680 --> 00:02:40,680 it is much better for you to use RADIUS authentication. 72 72 00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:44,220 RADIUS authentication is a completely effective mitigation 73 73 00:02:44,220 --> 00:02:46,380 against tools like Aircrack-ng, 74 74 00:02:46,380 --> 00:02:48,120 because by using RADIUS, 75 75 00:02:48,120 --> 00:02:49,440 we are no longer going to be vulnerable 76 76 00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:51,420 to those password attacks across the network 77 77 00:02:51,420 --> 00:02:53,850 because now we're using digital certificates 78 78 00:02:53,850 --> 00:02:56,190 as our method of authentication here. 79 79 00:02:56,190 --> 00:02:58,560 The next tool I want to talk about is Reaver. 80 80 00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:00,360 Now, Reaver is a command-line tool 81 81 00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:02,250 that's used to perform brute force attacks 82 82 00:03:02,250 --> 00:03:04,980 against WPS-enabled access points. 83 83 00:03:04,980 --> 00:03:07,020 Now, what is WPS? 84 84 00:03:07,020 --> 00:03:10,860 Well, WPS is the Wi-Fi Protected Setup mechanism. 85 85 00:03:10,860 --> 00:03:12,120 If you look at your router 86 86 00:03:12,120 --> 00:03:13,590 and on the front of your wireless router, 87 87 00:03:13,590 --> 00:03:15,540 you have a button that says WPS. 88 88 00:03:15,540 --> 00:03:16,890 And let's say you got a new printer 89 89 00:03:16,890 --> 00:03:19,380 and you have a long, strong password for your network. 90 90 00:03:19,380 --> 00:03:21,030 Well, it's really a difficult thing 91 91 00:03:21,030 --> 00:03:23,340 to start typing in that long, strong password 92 92 00:03:23,340 --> 00:03:24,173 into a printer 93 93 00:03:24,173 --> 00:03:26,130 when you have to use just up and down arrow keys. 94 94 00:03:26,130 --> 00:03:28,470 So they built this thing called WPS. 95 95 00:03:28,470 --> 00:03:30,810 Essentially, you push the button on your router, 96 96 00:03:30,810 --> 00:03:32,340 you push the button on your printer, 97 97 00:03:32,340 --> 00:03:34,320 and if you do both of those within 60 seconds, 98 98 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:35,820 they would auto communicate, 99 99 00:03:35,820 --> 00:03:37,530 pass the password back and forth, 100 100 00:03:37,530 --> 00:03:39,510 and then they would reconfigure themself. 101 101 00:03:39,510 --> 00:03:40,343 This would allow you 102 102 00:03:40,343 --> 00:03:42,720 to really quickly and easily set up your network. 103 103 00:03:42,720 --> 00:03:45,750 Great for operations, horrible for security. 104 104 00:03:45,750 --> 00:03:48,540 The problem is WPS uses a PIN 105 105 00:03:48,540 --> 00:03:50,520 and that PIN can be brute forced. 106 106 00:03:50,520 --> 00:03:53,040 With WPS, you can do brute force attempts 107 107 00:03:53,040 --> 00:03:54,270 against that PIN 108 108 00:03:54,270 --> 00:03:56,790 and crack it within several hours, generally. 109 109 00:03:56,790 --> 00:03:59,580 The reason is that PIN is only eight digits long. 110 110 00:03:59,580 --> 00:04:00,660 In addition to that, 111 111 00:04:00,660 --> 00:04:02,160 the way that PIN is actually calculated 112 112 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:04,440 is actually a four plus four number. 113 113 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:06,030 So they actually take that eight-digit PIN 114 114 00:04:06,030 --> 00:04:08,130 and break it up into two sets of four. 115 115 00:04:08,130 --> 00:04:09,450 So if we want to brute force that, 116 116 00:04:09,450 --> 00:04:12,150 we're really only having to try 10,000 combinations 117 117 00:04:12,150 --> 00:04:13,860 and 10,000 combinations, 118 118 00:04:13,860 --> 00:04:16,380 and my computer can go through 20,000 combinations 119 119 00:04:16,380 --> 00:04:17,670 pretty darn quickly. 120 120 00:04:17,670 --> 00:04:18,660 And so that's the idea 121 121 00:04:18,660 --> 00:04:21,270 of why this is such a weak thing to use. 122 122 00:04:21,270 --> 00:04:23,730 Now to mitigate this brute force attack, 123 123 00:04:23,730 --> 00:04:24,750 you can mitigate this 124 124 00:04:24,750 --> 00:04:27,540 by enabling rate-limiting for PIN authentications. 125 125 00:04:27,540 --> 00:04:29,010 Now what does that mean? 126 126 00:04:29,010 --> 00:04:31,410 Well, when I try to brute force the PIN here, 127 127 00:04:31,410 --> 00:04:33,600 my system's actually going to connect to your access point 128 128 00:04:33,600 --> 00:04:36,240 and try PIN, 0001, 129 129 00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:39,000 and that's going to try the next PIN, 0002. 130 130 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:41,910 Well, if you put a wait time in between there of 15 seconds 131 131 00:04:41,910 --> 00:04:44,100 or 30 seconds or three minutes, 132 132 00:04:44,100 --> 00:04:46,230 you can actually have that backup delay, 133 133 00:04:46,230 --> 00:04:49,380 and that delay makes it so it takes me infinitely longer 134 134 00:04:49,380 --> 00:04:51,270 for me to go and get that password cracked. 135 135 00:04:51,270 --> 00:04:52,410 If you have no delay, 136 136 00:04:52,410 --> 00:04:54,120 I can get through 10,000 attempts 137 137 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:55,770 in maybe a couple of minutes, 138 138 00:04:55,770 --> 00:04:57,690 but if you put in a 30-second delay each time, 139 139 00:04:57,690 --> 00:04:59,760 it's now going to take me several hours 140 140 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:02,040 or several days to crack that PIN. 141 141 00:05:02,040 --> 00:05:04,620 The problem is, even with doing this mitigation, 142 142 00:05:04,620 --> 00:05:06,330 you're just going to frustrate the attacker, 143 143 00:05:06,330 --> 00:05:08,940 but if they're determined and you have WPS enabled, 144 144 00:05:08,940 --> 00:05:10,740 they are going to get in eventually 145 145 00:05:10,740 --> 00:05:13,530 because, again, there's only 10,000 plus 10,000, 146 146 00:05:13,530 --> 00:05:16,740 or 20,000 options here for them to be able to guess. 147 147 00:05:16,740 --> 00:05:18,450 So what do I recommend? 148 148 00:05:18,450 --> 00:05:21,120 If you have WPS, turn it off on your networks. 149 149 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:22,740 It is bad, bad, bad. 150 150 00:05:22,740 --> 00:05:24,300 It is a huge vulnerability. 151 151 00:05:24,300 --> 00:05:27,633 So make sure you disable WPS on your networks.