1 1 00:00:00,420 --> 00:00:03,210 ICS and SCADA Vulnerabilities. 2 2 00:00:03,210 --> 00:00:04,590 So, at this point, we've talked 3 3 00:00:04,590 --> 00:00:07,740 about a couple of pieces inside embedded systems, 4 4 00:00:07,740 --> 00:00:09,990 and a lot of these things are going to be put together 5 5 00:00:09,990 --> 00:00:12,900 into an ICS or SCADA network. 6 6 00:00:12,900 --> 00:00:14,070 Now, before we dive into that, 7 7 00:00:14,070 --> 00:00:15,660 let me first take a step back 8 8 00:00:15,660 --> 00:00:17,280 and talk about the type of technology 9 9 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:18,660 we're talking about here. 10 10 00:00:18,660 --> 00:00:20,850 Now, in general, we work in IT, 11 11 00:00:20,850 --> 00:00:22,620 which is information technology. 12 12 00:00:22,620 --> 00:00:24,450 That's our standard Windows, computers, 13 13 00:00:24,450 --> 00:00:26,250 and networks, and things like that. 14 14 00:00:26,250 --> 00:00:28,440 But when we start talking about ICS and SCADA, 15 15 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:32,190 we are talking about OT, which is operational technology. 16 16 00:00:32,190 --> 00:00:33,750 This is a communications network 17 17 00:00:33,750 --> 00:00:36,480 that's designed to implement an industrial control system, 18 18 00:00:36,480 --> 00:00:38,280 rather than data networking. 19 19 00:00:38,280 --> 00:00:40,920 So, here, we're really not talking about end user machines. 20 20 00:00:40,920 --> 00:00:42,810 We're not talking about having a Windows 10 host 21 21 00:00:42,810 --> 00:00:43,950 sitting on this network. 22 22 00:00:43,950 --> 00:00:45,450 Instead, with OT, we're talking 23 23 00:00:45,450 --> 00:00:48,000 about things that, using technology and computers, 24 24 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:50,370 to be able to do things in the physical world 25 25 00:00:50,370 --> 00:00:53,700 like open or shut a valve, like do manufacturing, 26 26 00:00:53,700 --> 00:00:56,190 like create power generation in a power plant; 27 27 00:00:56,190 --> 00:00:57,720 things like that. 28 28 00:00:57,720 --> 00:00:59,010 So, if I look here, for instance, 29 29 00:00:59,010 --> 00:01:00,540 this is what OT looks like. 30 30 00:01:00,540 --> 00:01:02,070 Usually, they look like big cabinets 31 31 00:01:02,070 --> 00:01:04,140 with dials and gauges and buttons. 32 32 00:01:04,140 --> 00:01:06,060 So, if I wanted to open or shut different valves 33 33 00:01:06,060 --> 00:01:07,530 or turn on or off different pumps, 34 34 00:01:07,530 --> 00:01:09,120 I would push the different buttons 35 35 00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:12,060 on that diagram on the front of that cabinet, 36 36 00:01:12,060 --> 00:01:14,340 instead of using something like a Windows machine 37 37 00:01:14,340 --> 00:01:17,520 and using the command, like start open valve, enter, right? 38 38 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:19,320 This is a different way of thinking. 39 39 00:01:19,320 --> 00:01:21,390 Now, you can still have computers 40 40 00:01:21,390 --> 00:01:23,460 like Windows computers that can talk to these networks 41 41 00:01:23,460 --> 00:01:25,890 if you integrate the two, but you don't have to. 42 42 00:01:25,890 --> 00:01:28,890 A lot of OT can just be done in a manufacturing plant, 43 43 00:01:28,890 --> 00:01:30,540 using systems like this. 44 44 00:01:30,540 --> 00:01:32,850 Now, when we deal with industrial control systems, 45 45 00:01:32,850 --> 00:01:34,920 these are going to prioritize availability 46 46 00:01:34,920 --> 00:01:37,380 and integrity over confidentiality. 47 47 00:01:37,380 --> 00:01:40,740 So, if we talk about the CIA triad, normally, in IT, 48 48 00:01:40,740 --> 00:01:44,340 here we're really talking about the AIC triad. 49 49 00:01:44,340 --> 00:01:46,710 Availability is paramount, and this makes sense 50 50 00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:47,700 if you think about it, 51 51 00:01:47,700 --> 00:01:50,970 because OT was originally designed to do manufacturing, 52 52 00:01:50,970 --> 00:01:53,490 and anytime the plant was down, we weren't making money. 53 53 00:01:53,490 --> 00:01:55,860 So, for them, availability was everything. 54 54 00:01:55,860 --> 00:01:58,440 Also, the plant didn't talk to the internet originally; 55 55 00:01:58,440 --> 00:02:00,870 it was all within the borders of the plant, 56 56 00:02:00,870 --> 00:02:02,430 and so we had that physical boundary. 57 57 00:02:02,430 --> 00:02:04,620 So, confidentiality wasn't as big of a deal 58 58 00:02:04,620 --> 00:02:06,870 because we trusted the people working for us, 59 59 00:02:06,870 --> 00:02:09,720 so availability was much more important. 60 60 00:02:09,720 --> 00:02:11,310 So, now that we've got an introduction 61 61 00:02:11,310 --> 00:02:14,190 to operational technology, let's talk specifically 62 62 00:02:14,190 --> 00:02:15,660 about three key areas. 63 63 00:02:15,660 --> 00:02:18,600 I've already talked about the terms ICS and SCADA, 64 64 00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:20,850 and we're also going to talk about Modbus. 65 65 00:02:20,850 --> 00:02:22,200 Now, let's start with ICS. 66 66 00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:25,230 ICS is an industrial control system. 67 67 00:02:25,230 --> 00:02:28,020 When you hear ICS, this is essentially just a network 68 68 00:02:28,020 --> 00:02:30,390 that manages embedded devices. 69 69 00:02:30,390 --> 00:02:33,690 So, if I work in someplace like an electrical power station 70 70 00:02:33,690 --> 00:02:36,090 or a water supplier, or I work in a hospital 71 71 00:02:36,090 --> 00:02:37,440 doing health services, 72 72 00:02:37,440 --> 00:02:39,900 I might work in telecommunications in the backbones, 73 73 00:02:39,900 --> 00:02:43,110 I might work in manufacturing or in defense needs, 74 74 00:02:43,110 --> 00:02:45,360 all of these things use ICS; 75 75 00:02:45,360 --> 00:02:48,090 they all use this operational technology 76 76 00:02:48,090 --> 00:02:50,460 using these industrial control systems. 77 77 00:02:50,460 --> 00:02:53,490 For instance, if you're driving a US Navy warship, 78 78 00:02:53,490 --> 00:02:56,850 there are a ton of ICS and SCADA systems on those things, 79 79 00:02:56,850 --> 00:02:59,040 because you essentially have a power plant on board, 80 80 00:02:59,040 --> 00:03:00,390 you have the engines on board, 81 81 00:03:00,390 --> 00:03:02,010 and all of that stuff is essentially 82 82 00:03:02,010 --> 00:03:03,720 a big manufacturing plant, 83 83 00:03:03,720 --> 00:03:05,400 and it has similar components to that. 84 84 00:03:05,400 --> 00:03:08,730 And so, those things all run on ICS and SCADA as well. 85 85 00:03:08,730 --> 00:03:10,650 Now, one of the things that ICS uses 86 86 00:03:10,650 --> 00:03:12,360 is what's known as fieldbus. 87 87 00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:15,270 fieldbus is a digital serial data communications 88 88 00:03:15,270 --> 00:03:17,250 that are used in operational technology networks 89 89 00:03:17,250 --> 00:03:19,230 to link different PLCs together. 90 90 00:03:19,230 --> 00:03:22,110 So, we talked about those PLCs in a previous lesson, right? 91 91 00:03:22,110 --> 00:03:24,390 I might have a PLC that opens and shuts this valve 92 92 00:03:24,390 --> 00:03:26,670 to let more gas into the engine 93 93 00:03:26,670 --> 00:03:29,010 so that we can go faster on a ship, for instance. 94 94 00:03:29,010 --> 00:03:31,380 Well, that is just one PLC, 95 95 00:03:31,380 --> 00:03:34,500 but I might have another PLC that opens and shuts a breaker 96 96 00:03:34,500 --> 00:03:35,550 that allows electricity to go 97 97 00:03:35,550 --> 00:03:36,660 to a different part of the ship. 98 98 00:03:36,660 --> 00:03:38,520 And if I want to connect all those things together, 99 99 00:03:38,520 --> 00:03:39,750 I need a way to do it. 100 100 00:03:39,750 --> 00:03:41,040 And that's what we use fieldbus for 101 101 00:03:41,040 --> 00:03:43,230 is this digital serial data communications 102 102 00:03:43,230 --> 00:03:45,780 that we use to link all these things together. 103 103 00:03:45,780 --> 00:03:47,160 Now, another thing we have to be able to do 104 104 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:48,780 is we need to be able to talk to these machines 105 105 00:03:48,780 --> 00:03:50,130 and tell them what to do, 106 106 00:03:50,130 --> 00:03:54,030 and that's where we use an HMI, a human machine interface. 107 107 00:03:54,030 --> 00:03:56,940 This is the input and output controls on a PLC 108 108 00:03:56,940 --> 00:04:00,240 that allows a user to configure and monitor the system. 109 109 00:04:00,240 --> 00:04:02,880 So, when I'm trying to tell the system to do something 110 110 00:04:02,880 --> 00:04:06,090 like open a valve, I need a way to give it that input. 111 111 00:04:06,090 --> 00:04:07,590 I can do that by pushing a button; 112 112 00:04:07,590 --> 00:04:09,600 that could be a human machine interface. 113 113 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:11,340 Or I can open that valve on a touchscreen 114 114 00:04:11,340 --> 00:04:13,110 by tapping it and saying, "Open." 115 115 00:04:13,110 --> 00:04:15,630 These are all different ways I can interface with it. 116 116 00:04:15,630 --> 00:04:19,230 Now, ICS is all about managing process automation 117 117 00:04:19,230 --> 00:04:21,210 by linking together these PLCs 118 118 00:04:21,210 --> 00:04:24,690 using the fieldbus to make changes in the physical world; 119 119 00:04:24,690 --> 00:04:27,030 I want to open a valve, I want to start a motor, 120 120 00:04:27,030 --> 00:04:28,560 those kind of things. 121 121 00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:30,900 Now, I as a human need to be able to see 122 122 00:04:30,900 --> 00:04:33,150 what the machine is doing by reading gauges 123 123 00:04:33,150 --> 00:04:35,340 or other screens, and be able to give input 124 124 00:04:35,340 --> 00:04:36,570 into the machine of what I want to do 125 125 00:04:36,570 --> 00:04:39,450 by pushing buttons, turning knobs, entering keystrokes, 126 126 00:04:39,450 --> 00:04:41,250 or even using a touchscreen. 127 127 00:04:41,250 --> 00:04:43,590 So, for example, here, if I worked in a hospital, 128 128 00:04:43,590 --> 00:04:45,660 I might have a human machine interface 129 129 00:04:45,660 --> 00:04:46,740 that's a flat panel screen, 130 130 00:04:46,740 --> 00:04:49,140 and I can touch it and tell it what I want to be done. 131 131 00:04:49,140 --> 00:04:51,660 This way, this panel can then send the information 132 132 00:04:51,660 --> 00:04:53,640 to that machine to do what it needs to do. 133 133 00:04:53,640 --> 00:04:55,440 In this case, it's a radiography machine 134 134 00:04:55,440 --> 00:04:56,970 that's going to take an X-ray. 135 135 00:04:56,970 --> 00:05:00,120 This also has PLCs connected to it within a control loop, 136 136 00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:02,520 and that whole process automation system is governed 137 137 00:05:02,520 --> 00:05:04,560 by some kind of a control server. 138 138 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:07,170 This is how all this stuff ties together. 139 139 00:05:07,170 --> 00:05:09,150 Now, one of the other things we have to think about 140 140 00:05:09,150 --> 00:05:10,680 is having some way to know 141 141 00:05:10,680 --> 00:05:13,050 what all these systems have done in the past, 142 142 00:05:13,050 --> 00:05:14,580 because if we're doing an incident response, 143 143 00:05:14,580 --> 00:05:16,230 we want to be able to figure all that out. 144 144 00:05:16,230 --> 00:05:17,460 And so, as a cybersecurity analyst, 145 145 00:05:17,460 --> 00:05:20,310 one of the things you want to look for is the data historian. 146 146 00:05:20,310 --> 00:05:23,100 Now, the data historian is a software that aggregates 147 147 00:05:23,100 --> 00:05:25,200 and catalogs data from multiple sources 148 148 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:27,450 within an industrial control system. 149 149 00:05:27,450 --> 00:05:29,760 Now, again, as an analyst, this is important for you to know 150 150 00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:31,530 because if you're working in a place 151 151 00:05:31,530 --> 00:05:33,630 that has an industrial control system, 152 152 00:05:33,630 --> 00:05:35,820 you want to find out where the data historian is 153 153 00:05:35,820 --> 00:05:37,230 and how you can use it 154 154 00:05:37,230 --> 00:05:39,690 because that's going to have valuable information for you. 155 155 00:05:39,690 --> 00:05:41,970 All right, so now that we're done talking about ICS, 156 156 00:05:41,970 --> 00:05:44,340 let's focus on the second part of this lesson, 157 157 00:05:44,340 --> 00:05:46,080 which is all about SCADA. 158 158 00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:49,680 SCADA is the supervisory control and data acquisition. 159 159 00:05:49,680 --> 00:05:51,780 This is a type of industrial control system, 160 160 00:05:51,780 --> 00:05:54,960 so it's a type of ICS, that manages large scale 161 161 00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:56,760 multi-site devices and equipment 162 162 00:05:56,760 --> 00:05:59,100 spread over a geographic region. 163 163 00:05:59,100 --> 00:06:02,250 So, when I'm talking about ICS, I'm looking at one plant. 164 164 00:06:02,250 --> 00:06:05,580 When I talk about SCADA, I'm talking about multiple plants. 165 165 00:06:05,580 --> 00:06:07,680 That's really the way I like to distinguish these two. 166 166 00:06:07,680 --> 00:06:09,840 So, when you deal with SCADA, this typically runs 167 167 00:06:09,840 --> 00:06:13,080 as software on ordinary computers, and it gathers data 168 168 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:15,900 and manages it across the different plant devices 169 169 00:06:15,900 --> 00:06:19,110 and the different equipment that has embedded PLCs. 170 170 00:06:19,110 --> 00:06:20,190 So, when you're dealing with SCADA, 171 171 00:06:20,190 --> 00:06:21,600 it typically is going to use some kind 172 172 00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:23,460 of a wide area network connection. 173 173 00:06:23,460 --> 00:06:25,620 That could be cellular, that could be microwave, 174 174 00:06:25,620 --> 00:06:28,140 that could be satellite; whatever you want to use. 175 175 00:06:28,140 --> 00:06:30,870 And then, they're all going to link back to those field devices 176 176 00:06:30,870 --> 00:06:32,640 back to the central SCADA server. 177 177 00:06:32,640 --> 00:06:36,270 So, I mentioned earlier: I have a smart meter on my house. 178 178 00:06:36,270 --> 00:06:37,410 They don't have to come out once a month 179 179 00:06:37,410 --> 00:06:39,900 and read my electrical meter to know how much to bill me. 180 180 00:06:39,900 --> 00:06:40,950 Why don't they have to do that? 181 181 00:06:40,950 --> 00:06:42,630 Because it's part of a SCADA network, 182 182 00:06:42,630 --> 00:06:44,490 and all the houses in my area are part 183 183 00:06:44,490 --> 00:06:45,660 of that SCADA network. 184 184 00:06:45,660 --> 00:06:47,250 They have a cellular chip in there, 185 185 00:06:47,250 --> 00:06:49,110 and it takes that reading once a month, 186 186 00:06:49,110 --> 00:06:50,460 sends it back over a cellular 187 187 00:06:50,460 --> 00:06:52,680 as a text message or data format, 188 188 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:55,170 whatever they use, to their SCADA server, 189 189 00:06:55,170 --> 00:06:57,870 collates that information, passes it to the billing system, 190 190 00:06:57,870 --> 00:06:59,250 and then I get a bill. 191 191 00:06:59,250 --> 00:07:01,590 That's how SCADA can be used in the real world. 192 192 00:07:01,590 --> 00:07:03,420 Now, the third part of this we need to talk about 193 193 00:07:03,420 --> 00:07:04,590 was Modbus. 194 194 00:07:04,590 --> 00:07:07,110 Now, because ICS and SCADA are really focused 195 195 00:07:07,110 --> 00:07:08,670 on operational technology, 196 196 00:07:08,670 --> 00:07:11,040 they don't have to use things that we only use 197 197 00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:13,260 in the IT world, but they have to have a way 198 198 00:07:13,260 --> 00:07:16,380 to communicate with each other, and Modbus is that way. 199 199 00:07:16,380 --> 00:07:18,390 Modbus is a communications protocol 200 200 00:07:18,390 --> 00:07:20,880 that's used in operational technology networks. 201 201 00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:23,340 So, in our IT networks, what do we usually use? 202 202 00:07:23,340 --> 00:07:24,840 TCPIP, right? 203 203 00:07:24,840 --> 00:07:26,130 Well, we don't have to use that 204 204 00:07:26,130 --> 00:07:28,470 inside these OT networks, and often, we don't. 205 205 00:07:28,470 --> 00:07:30,240 Modbus is instead what we use. 206 206 00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:32,580 So, Modbus is going to give the control servers 207 207 00:07:32,580 --> 00:07:34,440 and the SCADA host the ability to query 208 208 00:07:34,440 --> 00:07:37,200 and change configurations of each PLC. 209 209 00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:38,700 Now, this is important to know: 210 210 00:07:38,700 --> 00:07:40,860 because this is more of a proprietary protocol, 211 211 00:07:40,860 --> 00:07:43,290 it looks different than TCPIP. 212 212 00:07:43,290 --> 00:07:45,510 So, if you're trying to do an instant response 213 213 00:07:45,510 --> 00:07:48,150 and you think somebody's in your ICS SCADA network 214 214 00:07:48,150 --> 00:07:51,840 and you've been studying how to do TCPIP your entire life, 215 215 00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:53,670 are you going to know what you're looking at? 216 216 00:07:53,670 --> 00:07:54,750 Most likely not. 217 217 00:07:54,750 --> 00:07:57,990 And that's why there are experts in ICS and SCADA systems, 218 218 00:07:57,990 --> 00:07:59,820 because it is a different way of thinking. 219 219 00:07:59,820 --> 00:08:01,170 It is a different way of communicating, 220 220 00:08:01,170 --> 00:08:02,940 and they use a different protocol. 221 221 00:08:02,940 --> 00:08:04,170 So, keep that in mind. 222 222 00:08:04,170 --> 00:08:06,090 If you're dealing with an ICS or SCADA network, 223 223 00:08:06,090 --> 00:08:08,460 it is different, and you have to follow different ways 224 224 00:08:08,460 --> 00:08:10,830 of doing things, because a lot of your normal tools 225 225 00:08:10,830 --> 00:08:14,550 that you would use for ethernet and TCPIP either won't work 226 226 00:08:14,550 --> 00:08:16,143 or they could cause damage.