1 1 00:00:00,300 --> 00:00:02,790 Premise system vulnerabilities. 2 2 00:00:02,790 --> 00:00:06,480 In this lesson, we are going to talk about premise systems. 3 3 00:00:06,480 --> 00:00:08,820 Now, what is a premise system? 4 4 00:00:08,820 --> 00:00:10,980 Well, a premise system is a system used 5 5 00:00:10,980 --> 00:00:14,310 for building automation and physical access security, 6 6 00:00:14,310 --> 00:00:16,830 and these are a different type of network as well. 7 7 00:00:16,830 --> 00:00:19,080 Oftentimes, you'll have this as a third network 8 8 00:00:19,080 --> 00:00:20,490 in your organization. 9 9 00:00:20,490 --> 00:00:21,600 When you're dealing with this and you go 10 10 00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:22,467 to your front door or your building 11 11 00:00:22,467 --> 00:00:25,020 and you try to get in and use your card and your pin, 12 12 00:00:25,020 --> 00:00:26,280 that has to go through some kind 13 13 00:00:26,280 --> 00:00:27,810 of an access control system. 14 14 00:00:27,810 --> 00:00:29,490 That is a premise system, right? 15 15 00:00:29,490 --> 00:00:31,530 That is physical access security. 16 16 00:00:31,530 --> 00:00:33,150 If I look at the security cameras, 17 17 00:00:33,150 --> 00:00:35,430 those are part of your premise system as well. 18 18 00:00:35,430 --> 00:00:37,710 Now, when we deal with a premise system, 19 19 00:00:37,710 --> 00:00:39,750 a lot of these system designs are going to allow 20 20 00:00:39,750 --> 00:00:41,370 for monitoring to be available 21 21 00:00:41,370 --> 00:00:43,050 across the corporate data network 22 22 00:00:43,050 --> 00:00:44,610 or even directly from the internet. 23 23 00:00:44,610 --> 00:00:46,740 And this is really great from a monitoring perspective, 24 24 00:00:46,740 --> 00:00:48,090 it makes it really easy for us. 25 25 00:00:48,090 --> 00:00:50,310 But this is also dangerous, right? 26 26 00:00:50,310 --> 00:00:51,660 Because when we have a connection 27 27 00:00:51,660 --> 00:00:53,490 to the corporate data network, that means 28 28 00:00:53,490 --> 00:00:55,230 that somebody can hack into your premise network, 29 29 00:00:55,230 --> 00:00:57,510 they can cross over into your data network. 30 30 00:00:57,510 --> 00:00:59,190 And if you connect directly to the internet, 31 31 00:00:59,190 --> 00:01:01,920 that might give them a way in into that premise network. 32 32 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:03,240 So these are things you have to think about 33 33 00:01:03,240 --> 00:01:04,800 when you're dealing with security. 34 34 00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:05,700 Now, in addition to this, 35 35 00:01:05,700 --> 00:01:08,400 we also have building automation systems. 36 36 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:10,260 Now, building automation systems, 37 37 00:01:10,260 --> 00:01:11,790 they have components and protocols 38 38 00:01:11,790 --> 00:01:14,040 that facilitate the centralized configuration 39 39 00:01:14,040 --> 00:01:16,080 and monitoring of your different mechanical 40 40 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:19,590 and electrical systems within offices or data centers. 41 41 00:01:19,590 --> 00:01:21,630 Now, oftentimes you're not going to be controlling 42 42 00:01:21,630 --> 00:01:23,460 the actual power generation, right, 43 43 00:01:23,460 --> 00:01:25,260 that would be ICS and SCADA. 44 44 00:01:25,260 --> 00:01:28,890 But you are going to have other ways to look at the information 45 45 00:01:28,890 --> 00:01:31,710 inside your building through these automation systems. 46 46 00:01:31,710 --> 00:01:33,480 For instance, at our offices, 47 47 00:01:33,480 --> 00:01:35,430 we have a battery backup system. 48 48 00:01:35,430 --> 00:01:38,010 This is a whole building system so that if we lose power, 49 49 00:01:38,010 --> 00:01:39,660 we have that battery that can kick in 50 50 00:01:39,660 --> 00:01:42,270 and support us for about 24 hours. 51 51 00:01:42,270 --> 00:01:43,890 Now we have the ability to log into 52 52 00:01:43,890 --> 00:01:45,690 that battery remotely over the internet 53 53 00:01:45,690 --> 00:01:48,030 so we can see exactly how much battery is left, 54 54 00:01:48,030 --> 00:01:50,670 how quickly our burn rate is, and things of that nature. 55 55 00:01:50,670 --> 00:01:52,770 If you're in a bigger building, you might have elevators 56 56 00:01:52,770 --> 00:01:53,603 and you want to be able to figure out 57 57 00:01:53,603 --> 00:01:55,620 where the elevator is at any given time. 58 58 00:01:55,620 --> 00:01:57,060 If you've watched any spy movie, 59 59 00:01:57,060 --> 00:01:58,050 I'm sure you've seen the idea 60 60 00:01:58,050 --> 00:01:59,460 of building automation systems 61 61 00:01:59,460 --> 00:02:00,900 where they turn on and off the ACs, 62 62 00:02:00,900 --> 00:02:02,370 or they turn on and off the elevators, 63 63 00:02:02,370 --> 00:02:04,710 or turn on and off the lights to a particular floor. 64 64 00:02:04,710 --> 00:02:07,050 That's what a building automation system really is. 65 65 00:02:07,050 --> 00:02:08,040 Now, when you start dealing 66 66 00:02:08,040 --> 00:02:09,570 with all these building automation systems, 67 67 00:02:09,570 --> 00:02:10,830 they have lots of different parts 68 68 00:02:10,830 --> 00:02:13,020 that could bring up vulnerabilities to your network. 69 69 00:02:13,020 --> 00:02:14,580 So again, I like to keep these 70 70 00:02:14,580 --> 00:02:16,620 as their own segment and network. 71 71 00:02:16,620 --> 00:02:18,240 But when we start talking about these vulnerabilities, 72 72 00:02:18,240 --> 00:02:19,770 we have things like the process 73 73 00:02:19,770 --> 00:02:22,680 and memory vulnerabilities inside the PLCs, 74 74 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:25,560 because these building automations are going to use PLCs. 75 75 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:27,750 If you're going to control elevators and lighting 76 76 00:02:27,750 --> 00:02:30,360 and water and fire mains and power, 77 77 00:02:30,360 --> 00:02:32,460 all of those things do have PLCs 78 78 00:02:32,460 --> 00:02:34,890 that you can control within your building. 79 79 00:02:34,890 --> 00:02:36,120 Then we have to think about 80 80 00:02:36,120 --> 00:02:38,580 how we're going to keep our credentials safe, 81 81 00:02:38,580 --> 00:02:40,410 because oftentimes these things 82 82 00:02:40,410 --> 00:02:42,300 have poor security management. 83 83 00:02:42,300 --> 00:02:44,010 A lot of times people write their code 84 84 00:02:44,010 --> 00:02:45,930 with plain text credentials or keys 85 85 00:02:45,930 --> 00:02:47,850 inside the application code. 86 86 00:02:47,850 --> 00:02:50,400 That way they'll say, my password is password, 87 87 00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:51,840 and they'll put it right in the code, 88 88 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:53,820 and that could be exploited by an attacker. 89 89 00:02:53,820 --> 00:02:56,340 Another thing I often see occur is code injections 90 90 00:02:56,340 --> 00:02:58,290 against the web user interface. 91 91 00:02:58,290 --> 00:03:00,060 A lot of these building automation systems, 92 92 00:03:00,060 --> 00:03:02,400 the way that they are monitored is through a web interface, 93 93 00:03:02,400 --> 00:03:04,260 whether locally or over the internet. 94 94 00:03:04,260 --> 00:03:06,060 So if there is a web interface presented 95 95 00:03:06,060 --> 00:03:07,980 that means an attacker could access that 96 96 00:03:07,980 --> 00:03:09,720 and then do a code injection doing something 97 97 00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:12,300 like an XML injection, an SQL injection, 98 98 00:03:12,300 --> 00:03:15,330 a cross-site scripting injection, something like that. 99 99 00:03:15,330 --> 00:03:16,530 And so you got to keep that in mind. 100 100 00:03:16,530 --> 00:03:18,780 This is an area that could allow for somebody 101 101 00:03:18,780 --> 00:03:21,480 to get into that network and then control your building. 102 102 00:03:21,480 --> 00:03:23,250 Now, one of the things that we really have to worry about 103 103 00:03:23,250 --> 00:03:26,130 with these premise systems and building automation systems, 104 104 00:03:26,130 --> 00:03:27,060 is that they can be used 105 105 00:03:27,060 --> 00:03:29,910 to create a denial of service condition in the real world. 106 106 00:03:29,910 --> 00:03:31,320 Now, what do I mean by that? 107 107 00:03:31,320 --> 00:03:32,580 Well, let's say I got a hold 108 108 00:03:32,580 --> 00:03:34,170 of your building automation system 109 109 00:03:34,170 --> 00:03:35,490 and I was able to do a code injection 110 110 00:03:35,490 --> 00:03:37,080 and take access over it. 111 111 00:03:37,080 --> 00:03:39,030 I could create a denial of service condition for you 112 112 00:03:39,030 --> 00:03:40,680 that could affect your entire building 113 113 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:43,560 by turning off your HVAC, which is your air conditioner. 114 114 00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:44,760 And if you have a server farm 115 115 00:03:44,760 --> 00:03:46,320 and I take away your air conditioner, 116 116 00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:49,050 that can overheat the systems and cause them to shut down. 117 117 00:03:49,050 --> 00:03:52,260 Now, I have caused an electronic attack against your servers 118 118 00:03:52,260 --> 00:03:55,380 by doing a physical attack by taking away your cooling. 119 119 00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:57,330 These are the things you have to think about. 120 120 00:03:57,330 --> 00:03:58,980 Another reason to worry about these systems 121 121 00:03:58,980 --> 00:04:01,140 is often they're not well secured. 122 122 00:04:01,140 --> 00:04:02,790 If you think back to 2015, 123 123 00:04:02,790 --> 00:04:05,280 there was a big case of this in the news with Target. 124 124 00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:08,040 Target is a big retail chain in the United States 125 125 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:10,200 and they actually had one of their contractors 126 126 00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:12,150 who ran their HVAC systems, 127 127 00:04:12,150 --> 00:04:13,950 their systems had gotten hacked 128 128 00:04:13,950 --> 00:04:15,900 and somebody went through their systems 129 129 00:04:15,900 --> 00:04:18,000 through the HVAC at the Target stores, 130 130 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,370 and then down into the point of sale systems, 131 131 00:04:20,370 --> 00:04:23,160 the cash registers, and started collecting credit card data. 132 132 00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:25,800 This was a huge breach and it was a huge black eye 133 133 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:27,210 for the corporation. 134 134 00:04:27,210 --> 00:04:29,340 So remember, these building automation systems 135 135 00:04:29,340 --> 00:04:31,380 could be used as an intrusion vector 136 136 00:04:31,380 --> 00:04:32,910 as somebody who wants to pivot from that 137 137 00:04:32,910 --> 00:04:35,700 into a more dangerous attack against your corporate network. 138 138 00:04:35,700 --> 00:04:38,040 So you have to make sure the right protection's in place. 139 139 00:04:38,040 --> 00:04:39,570 Now, the final thing I want to talk about 140 140 00:04:39,570 --> 00:04:41,610 in this lesson is the idea of PACS, 141 141 00:04:41,610 --> 00:04:44,460 which is the physical access control system. 142 142 00:04:44,460 --> 00:04:47,010 Now, the physical access control system is all 143 143 00:04:47,010 --> 00:04:48,450 of the components and protocols 144 144 00:04:48,450 --> 00:04:50,940 that facilitate the centralized configuration monitoring 145 145 00:04:50,940 --> 00:04:54,660 of security mechanisms within offices and data centers. 146 146 00:04:54,660 --> 00:04:57,090 So when we start talking about all those security cameras 147 147 00:04:57,090 --> 00:04:59,310 and the access control to badge in and badge out 148 148 00:04:59,310 --> 00:05:00,210 of your building, 149 149 00:05:00,210 --> 00:05:03,540 that is all part of your physical access control systems. 150 150 00:05:03,540 --> 00:05:05,430 Now, PACS can either be implemented 151 151 00:05:05,430 --> 00:05:07,590 as part of your building automation system 152 152 00:05:07,590 --> 00:05:09,780 or as part of a separate system. 153 153 00:05:09,780 --> 00:05:10,890 Either way will work. 154 154 00:05:10,890 --> 00:05:13,140 It just depends on how your contractor sets it up 155 155 00:05:13,140 --> 00:05:15,360 or how your organization sets it up. 156 156 00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:18,690 Now, one word of warning here, PACS are often installed 157 157 00:05:18,690 --> 00:05:21,570 and maintained by a third party external supplier. 158 158 00:05:21,570 --> 00:05:24,930 And because of that, a lot of times people will omit that 159 159 00:05:24,930 --> 00:05:28,260 from their risk analysis or their vulnerability assessments. 160 160 00:05:28,260 --> 00:05:30,150 So as you're starting to think about your networks 161 161 00:05:30,150 --> 00:05:32,520 and you think, okay, I've got this Windows Network here, 162 162 00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:33,960 I've got this server farm here, 163 163 00:05:33,960 --> 00:05:35,970 I might have this OT over here. 164 164 00:05:35,970 --> 00:05:37,770 They don't think about the building network itself 165 165 00:05:37,770 --> 00:05:40,290 because it's some third party contract. 166 166 00:05:40,290 --> 00:05:43,470 So that's okay if you're going to exclude it from your scope 167 167 00:05:43,470 --> 00:05:44,880 if you have that in writing that 168 168 00:05:44,880 --> 00:05:47,100 that is part of their responsibilities. 169 169 00:05:47,100 --> 00:05:49,230 And they would probably have some kind of requirement 170 170 00:05:49,230 --> 00:05:52,500 to give you every quarter, every six months, every year, 171 171 00:05:52,500 --> 00:05:54,330 some kind of a vulnerability statement 172 172 00:05:54,330 --> 00:05:55,560 of what the network looks like. 173 173 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:58,230 Because again, you can outsource the task 174 174 00:05:58,230 --> 00:06:00,450 but you can't outsource the responsibility. 175 175 00:06:00,450 --> 00:06:03,480 If their network is tied to your network in any way 176 176 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:05,160 and there's a vulnerability on their network, 177 177 00:06:05,160 --> 00:06:06,360 that means the attacker could get 178 178 00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:09,000 from them to you just like they did with Target. 179 179 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:10,143 So keep that in mind.