1 1 00:00:00,300 --> 00:00:01,620 As we mentioned before, 2 2 00:00:01,620 --> 00:00:04,650 threat research can be delivered as narrative reports 3 3 00:00:04,650 --> 00:00:05,880 or automated feeds 4 4 00:00:05,880 --> 00:00:08,430 designed to correlate local security information 5 5 00:00:08,430 --> 00:00:10,710 with cyber threat intelligence data. 6 6 00:00:10,710 --> 00:00:13,590 Now, sharing is caring in the threat intelligence world, 7 7 00:00:13,590 --> 00:00:15,720 so to make it easier to share data, 8 8 00:00:15,720 --> 00:00:17,670 there are lots of different formats out there 9 9 00:00:17,670 --> 00:00:18,960 that could be used. 10 10 00:00:18,960 --> 00:00:20,070 In this lesson, 11 11 00:00:20,070 --> 00:00:22,650 we're going to discuss the four most common formats 12 12 00:00:22,650 --> 00:00:23,760 and processes, 13 13 00:00:23,760 --> 00:00:27,960 known as STIX, TAXII, OpenIOC, and MISP. 14 14 00:00:27,960 --> 00:00:30,180 The first one we want to talk about is STIX, 15 15 00:00:30,180 --> 00:00:33,270 which is the Structured Threat Information eXpression. 16 16 00:00:33,270 --> 00:00:36,030 Now, this is a standard terminology for IoCs 17 17 00:00:36,030 --> 00:00:38,730 and ways of indicating relationships between them 18 18 00:00:38,730 --> 00:00:39,870 that's included as part 19 19 00:00:39,870 --> 00:00:43,680 of the OASIS Cyber Threat Intelligence, or CTI, framework. 20 20 00:00:43,680 --> 00:00:47,160 Now, STIX is designed as a format for automated feeds 21 21 00:00:47,160 --> 00:00:50,370 so organizations can share this information on the fly. 22 22 00:00:50,370 --> 00:00:51,720 STIX does a great job 23 23 00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:53,790 of sharing information between systems, 24 24 00:00:53,790 --> 00:00:54,623 and it's expressed 25 25 00:00:54,623 --> 00:00:57,870 in JavaScript object notation, or JSON, format. 26 26 00:00:57,870 --> 00:00:58,860 With JSON, 27 27 00:00:58,860 --> 00:01:01,500 you get an attribute and value paired together 28 28 00:01:01,500 --> 00:01:03,150 inside of the language, 29 29 00:01:03,150 --> 00:01:05,610 and essentially, it's going to look like this. 30 30 00:01:05,610 --> 00:01:06,570 Notice here how we start 31 31 00:01:06,570 --> 00:01:08,070 with a curly bracket at the beginning 32 32 00:01:08,070 --> 00:01:09,570 and a curly bracket at the end. 33 33 00:01:09,570 --> 00:01:11,280 And then, we have a lot of different pairs, 34 34 00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:13,860 such as type, observed-data, 35 35 00:01:13,860 --> 00:01:16,020 id, with some-unique-string, 36 36 00:01:16,020 --> 00:01:17,970 created, and some date, 37 37 00:01:17,970 --> 00:01:20,130 the number_observed, and a number. 38 38 00:01:20,130 --> 00:01:22,260 And you can see how these attributes and values 39 39 00:01:22,260 --> 00:01:24,690 are paired together inside this language. 40 40 00:01:24,690 --> 00:01:26,670 If you see something that looks like this, 41 41 00:01:26,670 --> 00:01:28,230 this is JSON format, 42 42 00:01:28,230 --> 00:01:29,850 and on the exam, 43 43 00:01:29,850 --> 00:01:31,770 if you see something in JSON format 44 44 00:01:31,770 --> 00:01:34,620 it's most likely going to be referring to STIX. 45 45 00:01:34,620 --> 00:01:35,670 Now, STIX is built 46 46 00:01:35,670 --> 00:01:38,910 from higher-level STIX domain objects, or SDOs, 47 47 00:01:38,910 --> 00:01:42,060 and these can contain multiple attributes and values. 48 48 00:01:42,060 --> 00:01:43,620 We put all these things together 49 49 00:01:43,620 --> 00:01:45,840 to get the information we're looking for. 50 50 00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:47,820 Now, what are some of these SDOs? 51 51 00:01:47,820 --> 00:01:50,040 Well, we have things like observed data 52 52 00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:51,600 which is going to be a stateful property 53 53 00:01:51,600 --> 00:01:52,800 of your computer system 54 54 00:01:52,800 --> 00:01:55,440 and what you've actually seen the event occurring in. 55 55 00:01:55,440 --> 00:01:57,480 This might be something like an IP address 56 56 00:01:57,480 --> 00:02:00,180 or an executable file or something like that. 57 57 00:02:00,180 --> 00:02:01,830 We also have indicators. 58 58 00:02:01,830 --> 00:02:03,930 Indicators are a pattern of observables 59 59 00:02:03,930 --> 00:02:05,100 that are of interest, 60 60 00:02:05,100 --> 00:02:07,770 something that you want to do some further analysis on. 61 61 00:02:07,770 --> 00:02:09,000 Anytime you have an indicator, 62 62 00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:10,470 this is something that's been observed 63 63 00:02:10,470 --> 00:02:12,000 and you may want to dig a little deeper on 64 64 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:14,400 to figure out if it's an indicator of past compromise 65 65 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:15,810 or a TTP. 66 66 00:02:15,810 --> 00:02:17,520 And then, we have attack patterns. 67 67 00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:18,660 When we deal with attack patterns, 68 68 00:02:18,660 --> 00:02:20,760 these are known adversary behaviors, 69 69 00:02:20,760 --> 00:02:22,230 starting with the overall goal 70 70 00:02:22,230 --> 00:02:23,610 of what they're trying to attack 71 71 00:02:23,610 --> 00:02:24,690 and then elaborating down 72 72 00:02:24,690 --> 00:02:27,300 to some kind of specific technique or procedure. 73 73 00:02:27,300 --> 00:02:29,940 Then we have campaigns and threat actors. 74 74 00:02:29,940 --> 00:02:30,930 When we talk about this, 75 75 00:02:30,930 --> 00:02:33,660 these are the people who are trying to attack you. 76 76 00:02:33,660 --> 00:02:34,860 Who are these people? 77 77 00:02:34,860 --> 00:02:36,330 What are their goals? 78 78 00:02:36,330 --> 00:02:37,800 What is their campaign? 79 79 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:38,640 That's what we're talking about 80 80 00:02:38,640 --> 00:02:41,040 when we talk about the campaign and threat actors. 81 81 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:43,170 And finally, we have courses of action. 82 82 00:02:43,170 --> 00:02:44,640 Now, we deal with courses of action. 83 83 00:02:44,640 --> 00:02:47,190 This is the mitigating actions or security controls 84 84 00:02:47,190 --> 00:02:49,200 that you can use to reduce the risk 85 85 00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:50,550 from these different attacks 86 86 00:02:50,550 --> 00:02:52,410 and how to resolve these incidents. 87 87 00:02:52,410 --> 00:02:54,360 By taking all these SDOs together, 88 88 00:02:54,360 --> 00:02:56,100 you start creating a connection 89 89 00:02:56,100 --> 00:02:58,110 of this relationship of objects. 90 90 00:02:58,110 --> 00:02:59,880 And this can do a lot of different things for you 91 91 00:02:59,880 --> 00:03:01,770 as you start indicating what it was, 92 92 00:03:01,770 --> 00:03:02,880 what the targets were, 93 93 00:03:02,880 --> 00:03:04,920 and what things were attributed to it. 94 94 00:03:04,920 --> 00:03:07,080 For example, you can see here on the screen, 95 95 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:08,340 we have a vulnerability, 96 96 00:03:08,340 --> 00:03:09,210 we have a campaign, 97 97 00:03:09,210 --> 00:03:10,440 and we have a threat actor. 98 98 00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:13,530 And you can see how STIX has all these relationships. 99 99 00:03:13,530 --> 00:03:14,910 When we have a single indicator, 100 100 00:03:14,910 --> 00:03:16,650 this indicates a campaign. 101 101 00:03:16,650 --> 00:03:18,540 It indicates a threat actor. 102 102 00:03:18,540 --> 00:03:20,910 The campaign is attributed to the threat actor 103 103 00:03:20,910 --> 00:03:23,970 and the campaign can be attributed over to the target, 104 104 00:03:23,970 --> 00:03:25,500 which was the vulnerability. 105 105 00:03:25,500 --> 00:03:28,410 And the way STIX works is it creates this language 106 106 00:03:28,410 --> 00:03:31,140 for us to describe these things in a very easy way 107 107 00:03:31,140 --> 00:03:34,020 to share them automatically across our systems. 108 108 00:03:34,020 --> 00:03:36,300 Now, one quick note for the exam. 109 109 00:03:36,300 --> 00:03:39,780 STIX version one is an XML-version-based format 110 110 00:03:39,780 --> 00:03:43,380 but the exam is only going to talk about STIX version two. 111 111 00:03:43,380 --> 00:03:46,020 Everything I've talked about up to this point in this lesson 112 112 00:03:46,020 --> 00:03:47,970 was talking about STIX version two, 113 113 00:03:47,970 --> 00:03:50,880 which uses JSON, not XML. 114 114 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:52,590 Keep that in mind for the exam. 115 115 00:03:52,590 --> 00:03:54,210 If they're asking about STIX, 116 116 00:03:54,210 --> 00:03:55,500 they're talking about version two 117 117 00:03:55,500 --> 00:03:57,720 and they're going to be talking about JSON. 118 118 00:03:57,720 --> 00:03:58,920 The next one we want to talk about 119 119 00:03:58,920 --> 00:04:02,100 is the Trusted Automated Exchange of Indicator Information, 120 120 00:04:02,100 --> 00:04:03,420 or TAXII. 121 121 00:04:03,420 --> 00:04:06,720 Now, TAXII is a protocol for supplying codified information 122 122 00:04:06,720 --> 00:04:09,690 to automate incident detection and analysis. 123 123 00:04:09,690 --> 00:04:10,980 What TAXII is used for 124 124 00:04:10,980 --> 00:04:13,140 is to transmit this data back and forth 125 125 00:04:13,140 --> 00:04:14,820 between servers and clients 126 126 00:04:14,820 --> 00:04:16,920 over some kind of a secure connection, 127 127 00:04:16,920 --> 00:04:20,010 like a secure web connection, HTTPS, 128 128 00:04:20,010 --> 00:04:22,830 using something like a REST API. 129 129 00:04:22,830 --> 00:04:23,700 So for example, 130 130 00:04:23,700 --> 00:04:25,950 if you have a cyber threat intelligence subscription 131 131 00:04:25,950 --> 00:04:27,300 with some service provider, 132 132 00:04:27,300 --> 00:04:29,400 they're going to maintain their data repository, 133 133 00:04:29,400 --> 00:04:30,870 but you as a subscriber 134 134 00:04:30,870 --> 00:04:33,180 need to get the information from them. 135 135 00:04:33,180 --> 00:04:34,290 And so, the way you do this 136 136 00:04:34,290 --> 00:04:36,060 is you're going to obtain this update 137 137 00:04:36,060 --> 00:04:39,630 to all of your data for your analysis tools using TAXII. 138 138 00:04:39,630 --> 00:04:41,820 TAXII is really the connection mechanism, 139 139 00:04:41,820 --> 00:04:43,500 and you can actually take STIX 140 140 00:04:43,500 --> 00:04:45,930 and provide it over TAXII as well. 141 141 00:04:45,930 --> 00:04:49,230 The third area we want to talk about is OpenIOC 142 142 00:04:49,230 --> 00:04:51,600 and this is a framework that was developed by Mandiant 143 143 00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:53,820 that uses XML-formatted files 144 144 00:04:53,820 --> 00:04:55,710 for supplying codified information 145 145 00:04:55,710 --> 00:04:58,590 to automate incident detection and analysis. 146 146 00:04:58,590 --> 00:05:00,600 When we talk about OpenIOC, 147 147 00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:02,580 this is an open source tool 148 148 00:05:02,580 --> 00:05:04,770 and so, it has a lot of different information 149 149 00:05:04,770 --> 00:05:06,060 for each entry. 150 150 00:05:06,060 --> 00:05:06,990 Each entry is going to have 151 151 00:05:06,990 --> 00:05:08,430 a lot of different metadata there, 152 152 00:05:08,430 --> 00:05:09,540 such as the author, 153 153 00:05:09,540 --> 00:05:10,800 the category information, 154 154 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:11,940 the confidence level, 155 155 00:05:11,940 --> 00:05:12,960 the usage license, 156 156 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:15,390 plus a description and a definition. 157 157 00:05:15,390 --> 00:05:17,490 All of these definitions that are built-in here 158 158 00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:19,740 are going to be built using logical statements 159 159 00:05:19,740 --> 00:05:21,330 such as DNS host names, 160 160 00:05:21,330 --> 00:05:22,980 or a string pattern for a file name, 161 161 00:05:22,980 --> 00:05:24,240 or something like that 162 162 00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:26,490 so we can build these indicators together. 163 163 00:05:26,490 --> 00:05:28,230 By doing this, we all learn more 164 164 00:05:28,230 --> 00:05:31,020 and we can share these indicators amongst ourselves. 165 165 00:05:31,020 --> 00:05:33,930 The fourth and final one we're going to talk about is MISP, 166 166 00:05:33,930 --> 00:05:36,930 which is the Malware Information Sharing Project. 167 167 00:05:36,930 --> 00:05:39,030 MISP is going to provide a server platform 168 168 00:05:39,030 --> 00:05:40,980 for cyber threat intelligence sharing, 169 169 00:05:40,980 --> 00:05:42,480 a proprietary format, 170 170 00:05:42,480 --> 00:05:45,540 and supports OpenIOC definitions as well, 171 171 00:05:45,540 --> 00:05:49,530 and it can also import export STIX over TAXII. 172 172 00:05:49,530 --> 00:05:50,940 So when you start dealing with MISP, 173 173 00:05:50,940 --> 00:05:53,820 you can start putting all of this information together. 174 174 00:05:53,820 --> 00:05:56,250 We can get the definitions from OpenIOC, 175 175 00:05:56,250 --> 00:05:58,050 we can get the indicators from STIX, 176 176 00:05:58,050 --> 00:06:00,270 and we can transmit all that information back to us 177 177 00:06:00,270 --> 00:06:01,470 over TAXII. 178 178 00:06:01,470 --> 00:06:04,320 And so, using all these together gives us a lot of benefits 179 179 00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:05,340 inside of MISP. 180 180 00:06:05,340 --> 00:06:06,180 And again, 181 181 00:06:06,180 --> 00:06:09,780 MISP is an open source project that is free to use. 182 182 00:06:09,780 --> 00:06:11,580 Now, here's a quick exam tip. 183 183 00:06:11,580 --> 00:06:12,720 For the exam, 184 184 00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:15,810 notice where I spent most of my time in this lesson. 185 185 00:06:15,810 --> 00:06:17,760 We talked a lot about STIX, 186 186 00:06:17,760 --> 00:06:19,980 and so, STIX is going to be much more important 187 187 00:06:19,980 --> 00:06:22,710 than the other three when it comes time for the exam. 188 188 00:06:22,710 --> 00:06:24,060 The big takeaway for this 189 189 00:06:24,060 --> 00:06:26,700 is I want you to remember what that format looks like. 190 190 00:06:26,700 --> 00:06:27,900 You don't have to memorize it, 191 191 00:06:27,900 --> 00:06:28,733 but you should know 192 192 00:06:28,733 --> 00:06:30,990 that when you see a JSON format like that, 193 193 00:06:30,990 --> 00:06:33,270 your mind should trigger that this is STIX 194 194 00:06:33,270 --> 00:06:36,070 and STIX is probably going to be the answer on the exam.