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In this lesson,

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you're going to learn about localization options

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and how users can become more comfortable

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working in their Linux environment

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by localizing their system according to the specific region

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or culture they belong to.

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We're going to primarily discuss

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the way to achieve these different localization options

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to be able to fit a user's needs.

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Now, in the world of operating systems,

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localization is considered the process

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of adapting system components

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for use within a distinct culture

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other than the culture that the system

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was originally designed for.

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Now, in a practical sense,

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this usually means translating interface components

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into specific languages.

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Converting measurements into the system used

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in a specific region.

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Configuring the keyboard layout

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to one that works more with what the user is familiar with

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or setting the date and time attributes

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to a specific location.

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Localizing a Linux system is important for organizations

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that provide Linux services to personnel and customers

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all over the world.

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An administrator in Japan, for example,

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is likely going to be more comfortable

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working on a Linux server if that server is localized

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to use the Japanese language,

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rather than having to use the English language.

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Working with the local time and with a compatible keyboard

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also enhances the user experience

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for our international users.

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Typically, you're going to set the timezone

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during the installation of the operating system,

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but you can also change it easily at any time later on.

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Using the correct timezone is really essential

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for many system-related tasks and processes.

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For example, the cron daemon is going to use

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the system's timezone for executing cron jobs,

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which are automated tasks

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that you're going to perform in the background

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or at certain times of the day.

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The timezone is also going to be used for your logs,

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including the timestamps within those logs.

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The /usr/share/zoneinfo directory

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is a container for all the regional timezones

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that you can configure for the system to use.

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Sub-directories in this container

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also organize languages by region.

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For example, the Africa sub-directory

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will include the timezone files

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for specific countries or cities

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within the African continent.

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One way to change the system's timezone

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is by creating a symbolic link

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to one of these individual timezone files

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to the /etc/localtime file.

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In some Debian-based distros though.

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You'll find this located in /etc/timezone instead,

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and this can be used to view the timezone.

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This text file will list the timezone

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by the region structure you're going to see

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in the /usr/share/zoneinfo directory.

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For example, the file might include the text Europe/Berlin

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to indicate that the system is using that timezone

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and the city that it's in.

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In this case, European time in the city of Berlin, Germany.

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The date command is going to be used to print the date

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in a specified format,

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and the date command will print that date

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based upon the /etc/localtime file.

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By default, it's going to print the date

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in the following format:

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The day of the week, the month, the day

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and the 24 hour time located as

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number, number, colon, number, number,

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colon, number, number,

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and then the timezone and the year.

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For example, it might say Wednesday, Oct 31,

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15:03:16, GMT, 2018.

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You can also format the time

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using a number of different formatting options if you like.

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You can initialize the formatting options with a plus sign

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and each option is prefaced with a percent sign.

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For example, to retrieve the week number out of 52 weeks

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in a year, you would enter date plus percent V.

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You could also use the date command

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to change the system's date by including the -S option

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to set it and provide an argument with it.

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The syntax of the date command is going to be

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date, options and format.

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There are going to be several formatting options available.

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For example, if you use percent A

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you're going to print the full weekday name

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like Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday.

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If you use percent B,

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this'll print the full month name

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like January, February, or March.

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If you use percent F, you'll print out the date

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in yyyy-mm-dd format.

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Or something like 2021-10-31.

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If you use percent H,

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you'll print the hour in the 24-hour format,

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which is what is commonly used in Europe,

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but not commonly used in America.

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If you use percent I,

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you'll print the hour in 12-hour format

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which is much more commonly used in the United States.

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If you use percent J, you'll print the day of the year.

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If you use percent S,

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you'll print out the date in seconds.

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If you use percent V,

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you'll print out the week of the year.

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And if you use percent lowercase x,

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you're going to print the date representation

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based on your locale.

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Whereas if you use percent X

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you'll print out the time representation

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based on the locale.

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And if you use percent Y, you'll print out the year.

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Another command we want to talk about is time date control,

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which is written as timedatectl.

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This is going to be used to set the system

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date and time information

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and it can take one of several sub-commands.

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The status sub-command is going to be used

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to show the current date and time information,

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including the local time, the universal time, RTC time,

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the timezone, and more.

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This is the same as issuing the timedatectl command

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all by itself.

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If you use the set-time sub-command

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you're going to be able to set the system's time

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using the time you provide.

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Your format should be in the year-month-day.

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And then the hour, minutes and seconds format.

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The set-timezone sub-command

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is going to be used to set the systems' timezone

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to the timezone you tell it.

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The zone in the format is going to be written as

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/usr/share/zoneinformation as its structure.

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The list-timezones is a sub-command that's going to list out

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all the available timezones in the format specified

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by the /usr/share/zone infrastructure.

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While set-ntp with the bracket 0 or 1,

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is going to be used to enable or disable the synchronization

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with a network time protocol server or NTP server.

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To run the time date control command,

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simply type in timedatectl,

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the options and the sub-command you want to use.

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The time date control command

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has a lot of different options as well.

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This includes things like -H and remote host

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which allows you to execute the operation

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on a remote host specified by a hostname or IP address.

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The --no-ask-password option,

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is going to prevent the user from being asked to authenticate

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when performing a privileged task.

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The --adjust-system-clock option,

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is going to synchronize your local or system clock

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based on the hardware clock,

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when you're setting up the hardware clock.

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The -M local container option,

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is going to execute the operation on a local container.

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The time date control command is going to expose

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three different clocks that the system uses

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and you can get information about them.

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The local clock will reflect the current time

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in the system's locale.

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The universal time clock is going to represent the time

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irrespective of your local timezone.

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It's going to use international standard coordinated

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universal time known as UTC.

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And this is the same as GMT time, or Greenwich meantime.

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On the other hand, the hardware clock functions

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at the hardware level,

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and it's going to keep time even when the computer

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is powered off, because of a battery on the motherboard.

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When you use the time date control command,

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it's possible to set the hardware clock

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to be equal to your local time.

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However, this is not advisable,

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because the RTC is not automatically updated.

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It's only going to be updated by external facilities

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like other installed operating systems.

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Multiple operating systems can all adjust the RTC

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for daylight savings time, known as DST.

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And this can actually cause an overcorrection.

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The hardware clock command or hwclock

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will enable you to view and set the hardware clock itself.

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As mentioned before, it's strongly recommended

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that you keep the hardware clock aligned with UTC

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to prevent overcorrection by other operating systems.

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You can also use the hardware clock command

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to adjust the systematic drift.

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Now the systematic drift is the predictable amount of time

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that the hardware clock gains or loses each day,

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making it inaccurate and throwing it out of alignment

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with the system clock.

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The /etc/adjtime

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is a file that records information

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about when and by how much the hardware clock

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is being changed.

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To run the hardware clock command,

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simply type in hwclock and the options.

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Some options for the hardware clock command

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are things like -set, which is going to be used

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to set the hardware clock to the provided date and time.

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The -u option is used to set the hardware clock to UTC time.

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And the -s option is going to be used to set the system time

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from the hardware clock.

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If you use the -adjust option

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you're going to be able to add or subtract time

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from the hardware clock to account for systematic drift.

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The locale control command, or localectl command

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is going to be used to view and configure the system locale

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and keyboard layout settings.

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A system locale is going to determine how it's going to represent

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various cultural elements, most specifically,

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the language used in the interface.

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Like the time date control command,

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the locale control command

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is going to have various sub-commands

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for managing the system locale and the keyboard layout.

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The status sub-command is going to be used

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for the current locale and keyboard layout.

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This is the same thing as issuing

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the locale control command by itself.

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If you use the set-locale sub-command

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it's going to set the system locale to the locale you provide.

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If you use the list-locale sub-command,

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it's going to list out all the available locales

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on that system.

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The set-keymap sub-command is going to set the keyboard layout

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to the one you provide.

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And finally, the list-keymaps command

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is going to be used to list all the keyboard layouts

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on the system.

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To run the locale control command,

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type in localectl space, the options space

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and the sub-command.

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Now, some of the options for this command

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include -H and the remote host.

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This option is going to execute the operation

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on a remote host that you specify using a hostname

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or IP address.

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-no-ask-password option

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is going to be used to prevent the user

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from being asked to authenticate

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when they try to perform a privileged task.

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The --no-pager option is going to be used

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to prevent the output from being piped

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into a paging utility.

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And the --no-convert option

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is going to be used to prevent a keymap change

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from the console, that's going to be applied to

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an X display server and vice versa.

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For example, if you're in the console,

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you only want to change the console.

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If you're in the graphical environment,

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you only want to change the graphical environment.

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Now the character encoding

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is the process of converting text into bytes.

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And decoding is the process of converting bytes

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back into text.

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Both of these concepts are really important,

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because text is much easier for us as humans

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to interact with, but computers

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like to process our data in bytes.

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In many systems, the default encoding

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is going to be set to UTF-8.

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And this is a Unicode character set.

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For example, the letter C

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is associated with the position number of U plus 0043

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inside the UTF-8 standard or Unicode.

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In Linux, the locale settings

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will determine what encoding scheme is going to be used

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by your system.

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The same general locale

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may have many different encoding options though,

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such as ASCII or UTF-8.

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Let's say, for example, you're looking in Germany

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de underscore DE.utf8

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and de underscore DE.iso88591

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are both set for German and the German language,

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but these sets

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are actually two different encoding standards.

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One is for UTF-8 and the other is for ASCII.