1 1 00:00:00,360 --> 00:00:02,460 Wireless WAN Connections. 2 2 00:00:02,460 --> 00:00:04,300 In this lesson, we're going to talk about 3 3 00:00:04,300 --> 00:00:06,690 wireless wide area network connections. 4 4 00:00:06,690 --> 00:00:08,750 Now, wireless WAN connections is an area 5 5 00:00:08,750 --> 00:00:11,050 where there are several different options to consider, 6 6 00:00:11,050 --> 00:00:12,870 including cellular, microwave, 7 7 00:00:12,870 --> 00:00:15,250 satellite and high-frequency radio. 8 8 00:00:15,250 --> 00:00:18,310 For this reason, this is going to be a longer lesson. 9 9 00:00:18,310 --> 00:00:20,190 Now, first let's talk about cellular 10 10 00:00:20,190 --> 00:00:22,450 because most of us have a smartphone in our pocket 11 11 00:00:22,450 --> 00:00:23,680 and we use cellular everyday 12 12 00:00:23,680 --> 00:00:26,870 to connect to the wide area network known as the internet. 13 13 00:00:26,870 --> 00:00:28,360 Now, when we talk about cellular, 14 14 00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:30,430 this includes not just our smartphones though 15 15 00:00:30,430 --> 00:00:31,570 but also our tablets, 16 16 00:00:31,570 --> 00:00:33,760 dedicated cellular modems for corporate networks 17 17 00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:36,890 or cellular wireless access points known as hotspots. 18 18 00:00:36,890 --> 00:00:39,450 There is a wide range of cellular technologies in use, 19 19 00:00:39,450 --> 00:00:43,560 including 2G, 3G, 4G, LTE, and 5G. 20 20 00:00:43,560 --> 00:00:46,770 When you hear someone talking about a G, like 4G or 5G, 21 21 00:00:46,770 --> 00:00:48,430 they're basically talking about which generation 22 22 00:00:48,430 --> 00:00:51,190 of cellular technology is being used by a cellular modem 23 23 00:00:51,190 --> 00:00:53,470 in that smartphone or other device. 24 24 00:00:53,470 --> 00:00:55,130 Basically, for any of these devices 25 25 00:00:55,130 --> 00:00:56,520 to connect to a cellular network, 26 26 00:00:56,520 --> 00:00:58,430 they have to have an embedded cellular modem 27 27 00:00:58,430 --> 00:01:00,767 that supports one or more of these different technologies 28 28 00:01:00,767 --> 00:01:03,060 and the associated frequencies for them. 29 29 00:01:03,060 --> 00:01:05,040 Now, the very first cellular networks we had, 30 30 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:06,500 which we now call 1G, 31 31 00:01:06,500 --> 00:01:09,200 were developed all the way back in the 1980s. 32 32 00:01:09,200 --> 00:01:12,627 These 1G phones communicated using a frequency of 30 KHz 33 33 00:01:12,627 --> 00:01:16,733 and had a bandwidth of about 2 Kbps or 2,000 bps, 34 34 00:01:17,690 --> 00:01:18,560 so we really weren't pushing 35 35 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:20,830 a lot of data over these 1G handsets. 36 36 00:01:20,830 --> 00:01:23,103 Instead, they were dedicated to providing voice calls 37 37 00:01:23,103 --> 00:01:24,840 for the most part. 38 38 00:01:24,840 --> 00:01:25,673 As time went on, 39 39 00:01:25,673 --> 00:01:29,000 cellphones moved into their second generation known as 2G 40 40 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:30,783 during the late 1990s. 41 41 00:01:30,783 --> 00:01:33,850 2G devices communicate over a GSM network 42 42 00:01:33,850 --> 00:01:36,330 using the 1,800 MHz frequency band. 43 43 00:01:36,330 --> 00:01:38,360 The big difference here is that 2G devices 44 44 00:01:38,360 --> 00:01:40,960 ran over a digital network that use multiplexing 45 45 00:01:40,960 --> 00:01:43,160 and therefore, it was able to start using data 46 46 00:01:43,160 --> 00:01:45,320 in addition to just providing phone calls. 47 47 00:01:45,320 --> 00:01:47,760 Now, the data here wasn't super fast. 48 48 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:48,620 Here in 2G, 49 49 00:01:48,620 --> 00:01:51,150 we're talking about speeds similar to a dial-up modem, 50 50 00:01:51,150 --> 00:01:54,063 usually in the range of 14.4 Kbps to 64 Kbps using GPRS, 51 51 00:01:54,063 --> 00:01:57,820 usually in the range of 14.4 Kbps to 64 Kbps using GPRS, 52 52 00:01:57,820 --> 00:02:00,210 which is the general packet radio service. 53 53 00:02:00,210 --> 00:02:03,830 In fact, when I started my very first company back in 1999, 54 54 00:02:03,830 --> 00:02:06,700 I had a 2G Motorola flip phone that I used 55 55 00:02:06,700 --> 00:02:08,890 and I was able to tether my laptop to that phone 56 56 00:02:08,890 --> 00:02:10,710 and dial-up to connect to the internet. 57 57 00:02:10,710 --> 00:02:12,940 And that way, I could email invoices to my clients 58 58 00:02:12,940 --> 00:02:15,900 once I left their office using this low speed connection. 59 59 00:02:15,900 --> 00:02:19,180 Now, 2G gave us a lot of benefits for cellular devices, 60 60 00:02:19,180 --> 00:02:21,891 even though the speeds here for data were rather limited. 61 61 00:02:21,891 --> 00:02:25,090 2G devices were the first to have SMS and text messaging 62 62 00:02:25,090 --> 00:02:27,260 as well as the ability to do international roaming, 63 63 00:02:27,260 --> 00:02:28,270 conference calling, 64 64 00:02:28,270 --> 00:02:30,170 the use of the internet while away from our computers, 65 65 00:02:30,170 --> 00:02:31,700 and other things like this. 66 66 00:02:31,700 --> 00:02:33,330 The next evolution we had in 2G 67 67 00:02:33,330 --> 00:02:34,820 was the introduction of EDGE, 68 68 00:02:34,820 --> 00:02:37,650 or the Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution. 69 69 00:02:37,650 --> 00:02:40,300 This brought our speeds up to about 1 Mbps 70 70 00:02:40,300 --> 00:02:42,030 for most modern 2G devices, 71 71 00:02:42,030 --> 00:02:45,330 like the very first iPhone that was released in 2008. 72 72 00:02:45,330 --> 00:02:47,940 The third generation of cellulars saw the release of 3G 73 73 00:02:47,940 --> 00:02:49,740 with faster data speeds. 74 74 00:02:49,740 --> 00:02:50,573 At a minimum, 75 75 00:02:50,573 --> 00:02:55,550 3G networks must support 144 Kbps to be called 3G 76 76 00:02:55,550 --> 00:02:57,700 but most devices were faster than that 77 77 00:02:57,700 --> 00:03:00,730 and they supported speeds around 384 Kbps 78 78 00:03:00,730 --> 00:03:01,960 if you're moving in a car, 79 79 00:03:01,960 --> 00:03:05,880 or up to 2 Mbps if you're walking or standing still. 80 80 00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:07,370 To provide these faster speeds, 81 81 00:03:07,370 --> 00:03:09,910 3G devices used a wider frequency band 82 82 00:03:09,910 --> 00:03:11,010 with frequencies ranging 83 83 00:03:11,010 --> 00:03:14,040 from 1.6 GHz all the way up to 2 GHz 84 84 00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:15,720 within the 3G spectrum, 85 85 00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:17,750 depending on where you lived in the world. 86 86 00:03:17,750 --> 00:03:18,950 When it comes to 3G, 87 87 00:03:18,950 --> 00:03:21,650 there are three different technologies that you might find: 88 88 00:03:21,650 --> 00:03:25,700 WCDMA, HSPA, and HSPA+. 89 89 00:03:25,700 --> 00:03:29,720 WCDMA is the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, 90 90 00:03:29,720 --> 00:03:31,850 which uses the UMTS standard 91 91 00:03:31,850 --> 00:03:34,920 and could reach data speeds up to about 2 Mbps. 92 92 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:37,690 This is the slowest of the 3G technologies. 93 93 00:03:37,690 --> 00:03:39,800 As an improvement to WCDMA, 94 94 00:03:39,800 --> 00:03:43,340 there was HSPA or the High Speed Packet Access standard. 95 95 00:03:43,340 --> 00:03:45,490 This could reach speeds of up to 14.4 Mbps. 96 96 00:03:47,010 --> 00:03:50,740 This is sometimes referred to as 3.5G by the industry. 97 97 00:03:50,740 --> 00:03:52,960 Then, over time, that wasn't fast enough, 98 98 00:03:52,960 --> 00:03:57,370 so we went to HSPA+, High Speed Packet Access Evolution. 99 99 00:03:57,370 --> 00:03:59,480 This brings us speeds up to about 50 Mbps 100 100 00:04:00,500 --> 00:04:03,810 and is often referred to as 3.75G. 101 101 00:04:03,810 --> 00:04:06,317 Now, after that, we got to our fourth generation 102 102 00:04:06,317 --> 00:04:09,200 and this gave us 4G with even faster speeds 103 103 00:04:09,200 --> 00:04:11,530 and the introduction of using MIMO, 104 104 00:04:11,530 --> 00:04:14,620 which is multiple input, multiple output technology. 105 105 00:04:14,620 --> 00:04:18,600 With 4G, we could get speeds of up to 100 Mbps while driving 106 106 00:04:18,600 --> 00:04:20,340 or up to 1 Gbps 107 107 00:04:20,340 --> 00:04:23,550 for fixed stationary cellular modems with a large antenna. 108 108 00:04:23,550 --> 00:04:26,870 4G devices even used a wider frequency band than the others 109 109 00:04:26,870 --> 00:04:29,620 covering frequencies from 2 to 8 GHz, 110 110 00:04:29,620 --> 00:04:32,320 depending on the implementation in a given country. 111 111 00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:33,830 Now, when 4G first came out, 112 112 00:04:33,830 --> 00:04:38,400 it was often called 4G LTE or 4G Long Term Evolution. 113 113 00:04:38,400 --> 00:04:41,100 These devices could reach speeds up to about 100 Mbps. 114 114 00:04:42,010 --> 00:04:44,720 Now, over time, there was an improved version of LTE 115 115 00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:47,790 known as LTE-A or LTE Advanced. 116 116 00:04:47,790 --> 00:04:49,530 This is an advanced version of LTE 117 117 00:04:49,530 --> 00:04:51,220 that add even more capabilities 118 118 00:04:51,220 --> 00:04:53,460 and increase speeds of two to three times 119 119 00:04:53,460 --> 00:04:56,730 of that of regular LTE and under perfect conditions 120 120 00:04:56,730 --> 00:04:58,420 with a stationary cellular modem, 121 121 00:04:58,420 --> 00:05:00,220 it could get up to speeds of 1 Gbps. 122 122 00:05:01,430 --> 00:05:04,430 Our fifth generation of cellular is called 5G. 123 123 00:05:04,430 --> 00:05:07,770 And again, it has faster speeds and more capabilities. 124 124 00:05:07,770 --> 00:05:09,530 5G is actually relatively new 125 125 00:05:09,530 --> 00:05:12,500 and it just began deployment back in 2019. 126 126 00:05:12,500 --> 00:05:14,600 5G devices bring an enormous improvement 127 127 00:05:14,600 --> 00:05:16,640 over previous generation's devices. 128 128 00:05:16,640 --> 00:05:20,380 With 5G, it's possible to reach speeds up to 10 Gbps 129 129 00:05:20,380 --> 00:05:22,680 using high-band 5G frequencies. 130 130 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:25,010 Now, this is one of the biggest differences with 5G 131 131 00:05:25,010 --> 00:05:26,560 over the older generations. 132 132 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:28,340 With 5G, we actually split it up 133 133 00:05:28,340 --> 00:05:30,310 into three different frequency bands. 134 134 00:05:30,310 --> 00:05:33,540 There's low-band, mid-band and high-band frequencies. 135 135 00:05:33,540 --> 00:05:37,500 Now, low-band frequencies are between 600 and 850 MHz 136 136 00:05:37,500 --> 00:05:40,623 and they provide us with speeds of 30 to 250 Mbps. 137 137 00:05:41,640 --> 00:05:44,120 The benefits of using this low-band frequency range 138 138 00:05:44,120 --> 00:05:45,510 is it has a longer range 139 139 00:05:45,510 --> 00:05:47,280 and can cover an area similar in size 140 140 00:05:47,280 --> 00:05:49,350 to the older 4G networks. 141 141 00:05:49,350 --> 00:05:52,743 The mid-band frequencies operate between 2.5 and 3.7 GHz. 142 142 00:05:53,890 --> 00:05:55,130 This higher frequency band 143 143 00:05:55,130 --> 00:05:58,370 is going to support higher data rates of 100 to 900 Mbps 144 144 00:05:59,340 --> 00:06:00,850 but each cellular tower now 145 145 00:06:00,850 --> 00:06:04,740 covers less area than the low-band or 4G towers could. 146 146 00:06:04,740 --> 00:06:07,930 As of 2021, most 5G deployments are actually being done 147 147 00:06:07,930 --> 00:06:09,840 using this mid-frequency towers 148 148 00:06:09,840 --> 00:06:12,100 because it provides a good balance of coverage 149 149 00:06:12,100 --> 00:06:13,900 with those higher speeds. 150 150 00:06:13,900 --> 00:06:15,590 Now, the third frequency range we have 151 151 00:06:15,590 --> 00:06:17,360 is known as the high-band frequencies 152 152 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:20,530 and these operate between 25 and 39 GHz. 153 153 00:06:20,530 --> 00:06:22,040 This much higher frequency band 154 154 00:06:22,040 --> 00:06:26,140 is going to support extremely high speeds in the Gbps range. 155 155 00:06:26,140 --> 00:06:28,840 Now, the challenge here is that these frequencies operate 156 156 00:06:28,840 --> 00:06:30,200 in the millimeter wave band 157 157 00:06:30,200 --> 00:06:32,090 and this causes the range of these towers 158 158 00:06:32,090 --> 00:06:34,020 to be much, much smaller. 159 159 00:06:34,020 --> 00:06:36,410 Also, because of this smaller millimeter wave band, 160 160 00:06:36,410 --> 00:06:38,670 the signal is easily blocked by walls, windows, 161 161 00:06:38,670 --> 00:06:39,920 and other objects. 162 162 00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:42,610 For this reason, there is not a lot of high-band deployments 163 163 00:06:42,610 --> 00:06:44,030 going on quite yet. 164 164 00:06:44,030 --> 00:06:45,590 So far, we're seeing these deployed 165 165 00:06:45,590 --> 00:06:47,680 near areas where there's a lot of people expected to be 166 166 00:06:47,680 --> 00:06:50,420 in one small area, such as a sports stadium, 167 167 00:06:50,420 --> 00:06:52,680 an amusement park or convention centers. 168 168 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:54,660 All right, I just gave you a lot of facts 169 169 00:06:54,660 --> 00:06:56,090 and figures about cellular 170 170 00:06:56,090 --> 00:06:58,480 and all of the different generations of cellular technology, 171 171 00:06:58,480 --> 00:06:59,680 and you're probably wondering, 172 172 00:06:59,680 --> 00:07:01,630 do you need to memorize the speeds and frequencies 173 173 00:07:01,630 --> 00:07:03,020 for each and every one? 174 174 00:07:03,020 --> 00:07:05,400 And the answer is no, you don't. 175 175 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:07,830 Instead, you need to know that the higher the G, 176 176 00:07:07,830 --> 00:07:10,300 such as 4G is higher 3G, 177 177 00:07:10,300 --> 00:07:12,010 this would mean that the newer standard 178 178 00:07:12,010 --> 00:07:13,750 and it has increased speeds. 179 179 00:07:13,750 --> 00:07:15,440 It also is important to remember that 5G 180 180 00:07:15,440 --> 00:07:17,050 comes in three different bands: 181 181 00:07:17,050 --> 00:07:19,270 low-band, mid-band, and high-band. 182 182 00:07:19,270 --> 00:07:21,671 As you go upward in the bands, you get faster speeds 183 183 00:07:21,671 --> 00:07:24,290 but you decrease your coverage area. 184 184 00:07:24,290 --> 00:07:26,330 For this reason, most 5G deployments 185 185 00:07:26,330 --> 00:07:29,010 are going to use that mid-band frequency I spoke about, 186 186 00:07:29,010 --> 00:07:31,870 leading to better coverage and pretty high speeds. 187 187 00:07:31,870 --> 00:07:33,790 Now, in terms of cellular technologies, 188 188 00:07:33,790 --> 00:07:34,623 they're going to operate 189 189 00:07:34,623 --> 00:07:36,920 on one of two different underlying technologies, 190 190 00:07:36,920 --> 00:07:39,250 either GSM or CDMA. 191 191 00:07:39,250 --> 00:07:40,410 Which of these you're going to use 192 192 00:07:40,410 --> 00:07:41,550 is really going to be determined 193 193 00:07:41,550 --> 00:07:43,290 based on which area of the world you live in 194 194 00:07:43,290 --> 00:07:44,990 and which cellular provider you're using 195 195 00:07:44,990 --> 00:07:46,510 in your particular area. 196 196 00:07:46,510 --> 00:07:48,120 For example, in the United States 197 197 00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:51,850 if you're using T-Mobile or AT&T, these rely on GSM. 198 198 00:07:51,850 --> 00:07:55,430 If you're using Verizon, they're going to normally use CDMA. 199 199 00:07:55,430 --> 00:07:57,500 Now, if you live outside of the United States, 200 200 00:07:57,500 --> 00:07:58,910 you're going to be using CDMA 201 201 00:07:58,910 --> 00:08:01,000 if you live in Japan or South Korea. 202 202 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:02,630 If you live anywhere else in the world, 203 203 00:08:02,630 --> 00:08:05,230 you're most likely going to be using GSM. 204 204 00:08:05,230 --> 00:08:09,200 So, what exactly does GSM and CDMA mean? 205 205 00:08:09,200 --> 00:08:12,730 Well, GSM is the Global System for Mobile Communications 206 206 00:08:12,730 --> 00:08:14,350 and it is a cellular technology 207 207 00:08:14,350 --> 00:08:15,870 that takes your voice during a call 208 208 00:08:15,870 --> 00:08:17,830 and converts it into digital data. 209 209 00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:20,680 Then, your device is given a channel and a time slot, 210 210 00:08:20,680 --> 00:08:22,690 so that your service provider can combine your call 211 211 00:08:22,690 --> 00:08:23,970 with several other calls 212 212 00:08:23,970 --> 00:08:26,350 to maximize the efficiency of their network. 213 213 00:08:26,350 --> 00:08:28,580 So, let's pretend they need to provide service 214 214 00:08:28,580 --> 00:08:30,480 to four users simultaneously. 215 215 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:32,510 They could give each user a quarter of a second 216 216 00:08:32,510 --> 00:08:34,200 to transmit their digital data, 217 217 00:08:34,200 --> 00:08:35,930 then when it reaches the other side, 218 218 00:08:35,930 --> 00:08:37,340 it could be combined back together 219 219 00:08:37,340 --> 00:08:39,210 and converted into the analog voice, 220 220 00:08:39,210 --> 00:08:41,730 so the person on the other end can hear what you're saying. 221 221 00:08:41,730 --> 00:08:43,430 This is a form of time division 222 222 00:08:43,430 --> 00:08:46,130 that was in the original GSM 2G standard 223 223 00:08:46,130 --> 00:08:49,200 but it was modified using different code division methods 224 224 00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:50,920 once 3G networks were rolled out 225 225 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:53,990 and then 4G and 5G within GSM. 226 226 00:08:53,990 --> 00:08:55,460 Now, CDMA on the other hand, 227 227 00:08:55,460 --> 00:08:57,570 is Code-Division Multiple Access. 228 228 00:08:57,570 --> 00:09:00,600 It's a cellular technology that uses well, code division, 229 229 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:03,090 and it splits up that channel using code division. 230 230 00:09:03,090 --> 00:09:04,500 So, instead of using time, 231 231 00:09:04,500 --> 00:09:06,220 we're using some sort of encryption 232 232 00:09:06,220 --> 00:09:07,710 or some sort of an algorithm. 233 233 00:09:07,710 --> 00:09:08,940 For every call that's made, 234 234 00:09:08,940 --> 00:09:11,020 the data's going to be encoded with a unique key 235 235 00:09:11,020 --> 00:09:13,380 and then that data stream can be transmitted 236 236 00:09:13,380 --> 00:09:16,090 over the same channel as all the other data streams. 237 237 00:09:16,090 --> 00:09:17,030 On the other side, 238 238 00:09:17,030 --> 00:09:19,460 the receiver then pulls it out based on that unique key 239 239 00:09:19,460 --> 00:09:21,750 for each of those calls, devise those out, 240 240 00:09:21,750 --> 00:09:24,100 and then makes them back into the analog call, 241 241 00:09:24,100 --> 00:09:26,110 so the person can understand what you're saying. 242 242 00:09:26,110 --> 00:09:27,990 Now, CDMA is actually a more powerful 243 243 00:09:27,990 --> 00:09:30,150 and flexible technology than GSM. 244 244 00:09:30,150 --> 00:09:32,500 In fact, when 3G GSM came out, 245 245 00:09:32,500 --> 00:09:34,510 it actually adopted parts of CDMA 246 246 00:09:34,510 --> 00:09:37,840 and termed it WCDMA, Wideband CDMA, 247 247 00:09:37,840 --> 00:09:41,860 or the UMTS, Universal Mobile Telephone System. 248 248 00:09:41,860 --> 00:09:44,630 So, which is better, CDMA or GSM, 249 249 00:09:44,630 --> 00:09:46,090 and which one should get used? 250 250 00:09:46,090 --> 00:09:48,970 Well, before 3G, 4G and 5G networks, 251 251 00:09:48,970 --> 00:09:50,210 there really was a big difference 252 252 00:09:50,210 --> 00:09:51,790 between these two technologies 253 253 00:09:51,790 --> 00:09:53,570 but ever since 3G was introduced, 254 254 00:09:53,570 --> 00:09:54,720 they're pretty much the same 255 255 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:56,960 and all using some form of CDMA, 256 256 00:09:56,960 --> 00:09:58,800 even if you're buying a GSM phone 257 257 00:09:58,800 --> 00:10:02,940 because they're using WCDMA or one of the evolutions of it. 258 258 00:10:02,940 --> 00:10:04,650 The only reason we're really bringing up the idea 259 259 00:10:04,650 --> 00:10:07,550 of CDMA vs GSM is so that you can realize 260 260 00:10:07,550 --> 00:10:09,110 there is a difference in support 261 261 00:10:09,110 --> 00:10:10,960 based on where you live in the world. 262 262 00:10:10,960 --> 00:10:14,590 As I said, GSM is by far much more widely supported 263 263 00:10:14,590 --> 00:10:15,780 across the globe. 264 264 00:10:15,780 --> 00:10:18,320 So, if you or your business travels a lot, 265 265 00:10:18,320 --> 00:10:20,740 you may want to carry a GSM supported smartphone 266 266 00:10:20,740 --> 00:10:22,080 or hotspot with you. 267 267 00:10:22,080 --> 00:10:23,300 Remember, it's important for you 268 268 00:10:23,300 --> 00:10:25,700 to check with your cellular provider for hotspot options 269 269 00:10:25,700 --> 00:10:27,320 in the areas you plan to work out of 270 270 00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:28,680 before you head out there 271 271 00:10:28,680 --> 00:10:30,660 to make sure what you have is compatible. 272 272 00:10:30,660 --> 00:10:33,650 Most modern smartphones can also act as a hotspot for you, 273 273 00:10:33,650 --> 00:10:34,560 using either tethering 274 274 00:10:34,560 --> 00:10:36,830 or internet connection sharing over WiFi 275 275 00:10:36,830 --> 00:10:39,700 but you can also purchase a dedicated hotspot device, 276 276 00:10:39,700 --> 00:10:42,760 like this T-Mobile 4G LTE cellular modem I have 277 277 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:45,000 that has a wireless access point combined into it 278 278 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:46,980 in this single small form factor device 279 279 00:10:46,980 --> 00:10:47,900 that I can carry with me 280 280 00:10:47,900 --> 00:10:49,680 when I'm traveling around the world. 281 281 00:10:49,680 --> 00:10:51,250 Now, the other major difference here 282 282 00:10:51,250 --> 00:10:52,880 is that with a GSM phone, 283 283 00:10:52,880 --> 00:10:55,660 you have a SIM card to identify yourself to the network, 284 284 00:10:55,660 --> 00:10:57,590 whereas with a traditional CDMA phone, 285 285 00:10:57,590 --> 00:11:00,050 you don't because CDMA devices are configured 286 286 00:11:00,050 --> 00:11:02,440 and locked to a certain side of the provider. 287 287 00:11:02,440 --> 00:11:05,440 For this reason, a lot of people prefer GSM phones, 288 288 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:07,250 since you can simply pull out your SIM card 289 289 00:11:07,250 --> 00:11:08,850 and put a new one in when you're traveling 290 290 00:11:08,850 --> 00:11:11,720 and have a new local service plan that's much cheaper 291 291 00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:13,790 to be able to access data on your phones. 292 292 00:11:13,790 --> 00:11:14,880 These days, though, 293 293 00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:17,600 all modern phones support electronic SIMs too. 294 294 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:20,330 So, you can simply download an app from the app store 295 295 00:11:20,330 --> 00:11:23,230 and change your SIM electronically to a local provider 296 296 00:11:23,230 --> 00:11:25,440 to get data service once you get off the airplane, 297 297 00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:27,620 instead of paying a large international roaming fee 298 298 00:11:27,620 --> 00:11:30,050 to your cellular provider back in the States. 299 299 00:11:30,050 --> 00:11:32,406 All right, our next wireless technology we need to discuss 300 300 00:11:32,406 --> 00:11:34,240 is known as microwave 301 301 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:37,290 but not the kind you reheat your frozen burrito with. 302 302 00:11:37,290 --> 00:11:39,500 Now, a microwave link is a communication system 303 303 00:11:39,500 --> 00:11:41,190 that uses a beam of radio waves 304 304 00:11:41,190 --> 00:11:42,740 in the microwave frequency range 305 305 00:11:42,740 --> 00:11:45,950 to transmit information between two fixed locations. 306 306 00:11:45,950 --> 00:11:47,777 When we're talking about the microwave frequency range, 307 307 00:11:47,777 --> 00:11:49,260 we're talking about frequencies 308 308 00:11:49,260 --> 00:11:52,290 in the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz, 309 309 00:11:52,290 --> 00:11:54,740 which includes UHF - ultra high frequency; 310 310 00:11:54,740 --> 00:11:56,620 SHF - super high frequency; 311 311 00:11:56,620 --> 00:11:59,210 and EHF - extremely high frequency. 312 312 00:11:59,210 --> 00:12:01,310 Now, there's a lot of places that use microwave 313 313 00:12:01,310 --> 00:12:02,240 for their connections. 314 314 00:12:02,240 --> 00:12:04,890 It's actually quite popular for large college campuses 315 315 00:12:04,890 --> 00:12:06,750 to be able to connect different portions of their network 316 316 00:12:06,750 --> 00:12:08,080 over microwave antennas 317 317 00:12:08,080 --> 00:12:09,680 located at the top of their buildings, 318 318 00:12:09,680 --> 00:12:10,730 instead of having to run fiber 319 319 00:12:10,730 --> 00:12:12,580 between all those different buildings. 320 320 00:12:12,580 --> 00:12:15,640 Now, small businesses can also use microwave technology. 321 321 00:12:15,640 --> 00:12:17,270 In fact, the main internet connection 322 322 00:12:17,270 --> 00:12:20,570 that I have in my office in Puerto Rico is a microwave link. 323 323 00:12:20,570 --> 00:12:22,230 I have an antenna on the roof of our building 324 324 00:12:22,230 --> 00:12:24,860 and that connects to an antenna on the roof of the hospital 325 325 00:12:24,860 --> 00:12:26,180 in the center of our city. 326 326 00:12:26,180 --> 00:12:27,690 Now, once the connection reaches the antenna 327 327 00:12:27,690 --> 00:12:28,890 at the top of the hospital, 328 328 00:12:28,890 --> 00:12:31,500 it's combined with all the other businesses around our city 329 329 00:12:31,500 --> 00:12:32,670 that have a similar setup. 330 330 00:12:32,670 --> 00:12:35,010 And then, all of that is sent across the island 331 331 00:12:35,010 --> 00:12:36,340 to our internet service provider 332 332 00:12:36,340 --> 00:12:38,870 using a fiber connection they have from the hospital 333 333 00:12:38,870 --> 00:12:40,610 back to our ISP. 334 334 00:12:40,610 --> 00:12:42,010 Using this microwave link, 335 335 00:12:42,010 --> 00:12:44,910 we can have speeds up to 1 Gbps to our offices, 336 336 00:12:44,910 --> 00:12:46,550 depending on how much we want to pay per month 337 337 00:12:46,550 --> 00:12:48,190 to our internet service provider. 338 338 00:12:48,190 --> 00:12:50,090 As you can see, microwave technology 339 339 00:12:50,090 --> 00:12:52,800 can provide you with a super fast point to point connection 340 340 00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:55,860 between two places but there is a limitation. 341 341 00:12:55,860 --> 00:12:59,300 Both antennas must maintain what is known as line of sight. 342 342 00:12:59,300 --> 00:13:01,620 You see, the two antennas that make up this connection 343 343 00:13:01,620 --> 00:13:03,910 have to be able to actually see each other. 344 344 00:13:03,910 --> 00:13:06,310 Due to the visual horizon and the curvature of the earth, 345 345 00:13:06,310 --> 00:13:08,340 this is normally going to create a distance limitation 346 346 00:13:08,340 --> 00:13:11,480 of about 40 miles or 64 kilometers. 347 347 00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:13,410 This is one of the reasons why our internet service provider 348 348 00:13:13,410 --> 00:13:16,230 has actually leased the rooftop of the hospital in our town 349 349 00:13:16,230 --> 00:13:18,100 to place the receiving antennas. 350 350 00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:20,130 This is because I can't see from my house 351 351 00:13:20,130 --> 00:13:23,950 all the way back to the ISP, 120 miles across the island. 352 352 00:13:23,950 --> 00:13:25,890 So, I connect up to the hospital 353 353 00:13:25,890 --> 00:13:29,250 and then they pass it over a fiber line over to the ISP. 354 354 00:13:29,250 --> 00:13:31,070 This is because we're in a pretty hilly area. 355 355 00:13:31,070 --> 00:13:31,930 And so, the hospital 356 356 00:13:31,930 --> 00:13:33,780 is one of the tallest buildings in our city. 357 357 00:13:33,780 --> 00:13:35,960 And so, most of the buildings and most of the offices 358 358 00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:37,750 can get a direct line of sight from them 359 359 00:13:37,750 --> 00:13:38,970 to the hospital's roof 360 360 00:13:38,970 --> 00:13:41,380 if they're within 20 or 30 miles of the hospital. 361 361 00:13:41,380 --> 00:13:43,210 Therefore, this became an ideal place 362 362 00:13:43,210 --> 00:13:44,840 to install those antennas. 363 363 00:13:44,840 --> 00:13:46,450 This allows the internet service provider 364 364 00:13:46,450 --> 00:13:48,720 to pay for one fiber connection to that hospital 365 365 00:13:48,720 --> 00:13:50,500 and then connect all of the microwave customers 366 366 00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:51,890 to that high-speed fiber, 367 367 00:13:51,890 --> 00:13:54,200 instead of having to run fiber directly to everybody's house 368 368 00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:55,530 or everybody's office. 369 369 00:13:55,530 --> 00:13:56,830 Now, when microwave connections 370 370 00:13:56,830 --> 00:13:58,430 were first being sold to consumers, 371 371 00:13:58,430 --> 00:14:00,870 it started being marketed under the term WiMAX, 372 372 00:14:00,870 --> 00:14:02,290 instead of WiFi. 373 373 00:14:02,290 --> 00:14:06,060 Now, WiMAX is really IEEE 802.16 374 374 00:14:06,060 --> 00:14:07,860 when you're dealing with microwave access, 375 375 00:14:07,860 --> 00:14:10,949 instead of the 802.11 standard that's used by WiFi. 376 376 00:14:10,949 --> 00:14:12,520 WiMAX is an abbreviation 377 377 00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:15,650 for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. 378 378 00:14:15,650 --> 00:14:17,550 Microwave is actually a really good alternative 379 379 00:14:17,550 --> 00:14:19,370 for cellular or DSL service 380 380 00:14:19,370 --> 00:14:21,030 because it provides faster speeds 381 381 00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:22,990 but it is usually going to cost you more 382 382 00:14:22,990 --> 00:14:24,270 than just getting a cable modem 383 383 00:14:24,270 --> 00:14:26,180 from your local internet service provider. 384 384 00:14:26,180 --> 00:14:28,730 Also, microwave access does require an antenna 385 385 00:14:28,730 --> 00:14:30,620 to be installed on the roof of your home or office 386 386 00:14:30,620 --> 00:14:32,370 and that requires a professional to get up there 387 387 00:14:32,370 --> 00:14:33,820 and install it for you. 388 388 00:14:33,820 --> 00:14:35,370 Microwave connections are considered 389 389 00:14:35,370 --> 00:14:37,400 a wireless fixed location service 390 390 00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:39,210 because you're going to have a larger antenna 391 391 00:14:39,210 --> 00:14:41,920 and a larger radio to pick up that signal properly 392 392 00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:42,753 but it does provide you 393 393 00:14:42,753 --> 00:14:45,260 with some really, really nice speeds. 394 394 00:14:45,260 --> 00:14:46,900 Now, here you can see how WiMAX 395 395 00:14:46,900 --> 00:14:48,770 compares to traditional cellular speeds 396 396 00:14:48,770 --> 00:14:52,318 like GSM - which is 2G; UMTS - which is 3G; 397 397 00:14:52,318 --> 00:14:56,880 HSPA - which is 3.5G; and WiMAX is faster than all of these. 398 398 00:14:56,880 --> 00:14:57,920 But since the addition 399 399 00:14:57,920 --> 00:15:00,426 of 4G and 5G mid-band cellular modems, 400 400 00:15:00,426 --> 00:15:03,190 WiMAX tends to be in that same speed range, 401 401 00:15:03,190 --> 00:15:05,490 while the cellular modems are much easier to install 402 402 00:15:05,490 --> 00:15:06,730 because they don't require the mounting 403 403 00:15:06,730 --> 00:15:08,360 of special antennas on your roof. 404 404 00:15:08,360 --> 00:15:10,380 For this reason, WiMAX and microwave 405 405 00:15:10,380 --> 00:15:12,100 is beginning to lose some popularity 406 406 00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:14,190 as a direct-to-consumer internet service 407 407 00:15:14,190 --> 00:15:17,310 but it is still often used for internal WAN connections, 408 408 00:15:17,310 --> 00:15:19,610 such as in a business park or a college campus 409 409 00:15:19,610 --> 00:15:22,340 if you can't run fiber between the buildings easily. 410 410 00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:24,260 The next wireless connection we need to discuss 411 411 00:15:24,260 --> 00:15:25,890 is satellite connections. 412 412 00:15:25,890 --> 00:15:27,140 Satellite internet access 413 413 00:15:27,140 --> 00:15:29,280 is a method of using communication satellites 414 414 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:32,520 located in space to connect a user to the internet. 415 415 00:15:32,520 --> 00:15:33,810 Now, up until recently, 416 416 00:15:33,810 --> 00:15:35,490 satellite internet was really reserved 417 417 00:15:35,490 --> 00:15:37,560 for just a few special use cases. 418 418 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:40,130 For example, if you happen to live out in the countryside 419 419 00:15:40,130 --> 00:15:41,900 or in a remote area where you couldn't get cable, 420 420 00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:44,710 or cellular, or fiber, or copper connections, well, 421 421 00:15:44,710 --> 00:15:46,910 you might want to look at using satellite internet. 422 422 00:15:46,910 --> 00:15:48,980 Now, the great thing about satellite connectivity 423 423 00:15:48,980 --> 00:15:50,320 is that you can get it anywhere 424 424 00:15:50,320 --> 00:15:51,980 because pretty much the entire earth 425 425 00:15:51,980 --> 00:15:54,670 can be covered by satellite internet at this point. 426 426 00:15:54,670 --> 00:15:56,020 As long as you can mount an antenna 427 427 00:15:56,020 --> 00:15:57,130 and has a clear line of sight 428 428 00:15:57,130 --> 00:15:58,890 up to the satellite overhead in space, 429 429 00:15:58,890 --> 00:16:00,620 you can get internet service. 430 430 00:16:00,620 --> 00:16:01,990 For home users who live in a remote area 431 431 00:16:01,990 --> 00:16:03,550 in the United States, for example, 432 432 00:16:03,550 --> 00:16:05,820 you can use a commercial service like HughesNet, 433 433 00:16:05,820 --> 00:16:07,870 which puts a small satellite dish on your roof, 434 434 00:16:07,870 --> 00:16:09,010 much like DirecTV 435 435 00:16:09,010 --> 00:16:11,110 or dish network does for your satellite TV 436 436 00:16:11,110 --> 00:16:12,550 and then you can use that 437 437 00:16:12,550 --> 00:16:14,580 to get some decently high-speed internet. 438 438 00:16:14,580 --> 00:16:16,080 Now, this is going to cost you more 439 439 00:16:16,080 --> 00:16:19,400 than an equivalent home fiber, cable, or DSL service though 440 440 00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:21,050 but since you're in a remote area, 441 441 00:16:21,050 --> 00:16:23,120 satellite might be your only option here. 442 442 00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:25,780 Now, remote users are one area that satellite is used 443 443 00:16:25,780 --> 00:16:27,370 but the real place where satellite service 444 444 00:16:27,370 --> 00:16:30,390 really makes its mark is for mobile users on the go. 445 445 00:16:30,390 --> 00:16:32,120 If you're somebody who's working out of an RV 446 446 00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:34,580 or a truck in the middle of the oil fields of Texas, 447 447 00:16:34,580 --> 00:16:36,810 this might be a great place to use satellite, 448 448 00:16:36,810 --> 00:16:38,700 or if you're a business traveler like me, 449 449 00:16:38,700 --> 00:16:41,010 you can be flying around the world on a commercial airplane 450 450 00:16:41,010 --> 00:16:42,520 or taking a cruise across the ocean 451 451 00:16:42,520 --> 00:16:45,780 and still remain connected to the internet the entire time. 452 452 00:16:45,780 --> 00:16:48,210 For example, a few years ago, I took a cruise 453 453 00:16:48,210 --> 00:16:50,500 but I couldn't afford to be offline for 10 days 454 454 00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:52,490 because I had to ensure I can answer student questions 455 455 00:16:52,490 --> 00:16:53,560 if they came in. 456 456 00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:55,510 So, while I was on that cruise ship, 457 457 00:16:55,510 --> 00:16:57,890 I was able to get online for about an hour a day 458 458 00:16:57,890 --> 00:16:59,040 and answer student questions 459 459 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:00,750 before I had breakfast in the morning. 460 460 00:17:00,750 --> 00:17:02,860 This is because the ship had WiFi 461 461 00:17:02,860 --> 00:17:05,990 but that WiFi was connected to satellite internet. 462 462 00:17:05,990 --> 00:17:09,120 Now, it was a bit expensive to use this but it worked well 463 463 00:17:09,120 --> 00:17:10,860 and the speeds were actually pretty darn good 464 464 00:17:10,860 --> 00:17:13,250 with these newer satellite constellations they're using. 465 465 00:17:13,250 --> 00:17:15,710 In fact, I was able to stream Netflix and Hulu movies, 466 466 00:17:15,710 --> 00:17:17,830 and television shows, and answer student questions, 467 467 00:17:17,830 --> 00:17:19,450 and do all that with no problem. 468 468 00:17:19,450 --> 00:17:21,030 It was very much like sitting back at home 469 469 00:17:21,030 --> 00:17:22,710 and using my cable modem. 470 470 00:17:22,710 --> 00:17:25,450 Now, satellite internet does have some drawbacks though. 471 471 00:17:25,450 --> 00:17:28,530 First, the speed is not going to be as fast as a fiber modem, 472 472 00:17:28,530 --> 00:17:30,850 or a microwave link, or even a cable modem. 473 473 00:17:30,850 --> 00:17:32,770 Now, second, it's pretty expensive 474 474 00:17:32,770 --> 00:17:34,550 for most satellite internet providers 475 475 00:17:34,550 --> 00:17:36,780 compared to these other options you have. 476 476 00:17:36,780 --> 00:17:38,980 And third, there's a good amount of latency 477 477 00:17:38,980 --> 00:17:41,530 in the internet connection when you're using satellite. 478 478 00:17:41,530 --> 00:17:44,290 This is because communication satellites for the most part 479 479 00:17:44,290 --> 00:17:45,920 are using geosynchronous satellites 480 480 00:17:45,920 --> 00:17:48,670 located about 22,000 miles away from the earth. 481 481 00:17:48,670 --> 00:17:50,790 Now, what happens is you're going to send the signal up 482 482 00:17:50,790 --> 00:17:51,970 really, really high, 483 483 00:17:51,970 --> 00:17:53,530 and that takes 1/8 of a second 484 484 00:17:53,530 --> 00:17:55,000 to go all the way up to space. 485 485 00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:57,590 Then, it takes another 1/8 of a second to go down 486 486 00:17:57,590 --> 00:17:59,690 to your internet service provider's ground station. 487 487 00:17:59,690 --> 00:18:01,840 Then, it connects to the internet and gets your data, 488 488 00:18:01,840 --> 00:18:03,650 and it goes back up to the satellite, 489 489 00:18:03,650 --> 00:18:06,050 another 1/8 of a second, and then down to you, 490 490 00:18:06,050 --> 00:18:07,410 another 1/8 of a second. 491 491 00:18:07,410 --> 00:18:11,690 So, that round trip is going to take about 500 milliseconds 492 492 00:18:11,690 --> 00:18:13,950 or half a second to complete. 493 493 00:18:13,950 --> 00:18:16,350 For comparison sake, my microwave link 494 494 00:18:16,350 --> 00:18:19,000 only has a latency of about 5 milliseconds, 495 495 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:20,760 100 times faster. 496 496 00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:22,610 So, if you're a big video gamer, 497 497 00:18:22,610 --> 00:18:25,430 that 500 millisecond latency will simply kill you 498 498 00:18:25,430 --> 00:18:27,240 time and time again. 499 499 00:18:27,240 --> 00:18:28,570 Now, when it comes to satellite, 500 500 00:18:28,570 --> 00:18:32,110 things are rapidly changing from 2020 to 2025. 501 501 00:18:32,110 --> 00:18:32,943 Many companies 502 502 00:18:32,943 --> 00:18:34,730 are racing into the satellite internet market, 503 503 00:18:34,730 --> 00:18:37,040 especially in the direct-to-consumer space. 504 504 00:18:37,040 --> 00:18:39,580 SpaceX with their Starlink is a major player, 505 505 00:18:39,580 --> 00:18:42,010 having already launched over 1,700 satellites 506 506 00:18:42,010 --> 00:18:43,380 and gaining regulatory approval 507 507 00:18:43,380 --> 00:18:46,860 to launch up to 12,000 satellites in total. 508 508 00:18:46,860 --> 00:18:48,700 Now, Starlink is a low cost option 509 509 00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:51,010 for many consumers as well with their monthly service 510 510 00:18:51,010 --> 00:18:53,600 being only about $100 to $200 per month 511 511 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:56,350 but the best part is they've gotten their latency down 512 512 00:18:56,350 --> 00:18:58,720 to about 30 to 35 milliseconds. 513 513 00:18:58,720 --> 00:19:00,530 So, how did they do this? 514 514 00:19:00,530 --> 00:19:03,470 Well, they chose not to use geosynchronous orbits. 515 515 00:19:03,470 --> 00:19:05,580 You see, when you're in geosynchronous orbit, 516 516 00:19:05,580 --> 00:19:07,440 you only need about three to six satellites 517 517 00:19:07,440 --> 00:19:11,010 to fully cover about 90% of the earth, which is really good, 518 518 00:19:11,010 --> 00:19:12,910 but you have to be further out from the earth 519 519 00:19:12,910 --> 00:19:14,020 to be able to maintain line of sight 520 520 00:19:14,020 --> 00:19:15,340 with all of those areas. 521 521 00:19:15,340 --> 00:19:16,980 From 22,000 miles away, 522 522 00:19:16,980 --> 00:19:20,090 you can see about 1/3 of the earth with a single satellite. 523 523 00:19:20,090 --> 00:19:21,520 Now, Starlink on the other hand 524 524 00:19:21,520 --> 00:19:23,390 has opted to use low earth orbits, 525 525 00:19:23,390 --> 00:19:26,170 which is only about 340 miles from Earth. 526 526 00:19:26,170 --> 00:19:28,290 This is much, much closer, 527 527 00:19:28,290 --> 00:19:29,760 and this is how the latency is reduced 528 528 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:32,070 because it has to travel less distance. 529 529 00:19:32,070 --> 00:19:35,440 So, the trade-off here is they now have a much smaller area 530 530 00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:37,300 with each individual satellite. 531 531 00:19:37,300 --> 00:19:39,140 For Starlink, each individual satellite 532 532 00:19:39,140 --> 00:19:42,560 can only cover an area of about 350 miles on the ground 533 533 00:19:42,560 --> 00:19:45,520 or around 563 kilometers. 534 534 00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:48,200 This is why Starlink needs to have a lot of satellites 535 535 00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:50,380 to fully cover the world and provide service 536 536 00:19:50,380 --> 00:19:53,180 and that's why they're launching about one satellite a day 537 537 00:19:53,180 --> 00:19:54,840 to be able to meet this demand. 538 538 00:19:54,840 --> 00:19:57,110 Now, the final wireless connection we need to discuss 539 539 00:19:57,110 --> 00:20:00,440 is known as high-frequency radio or HF radio. 540 540 00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:01,490 Now, radio frequencies 541 541 00:20:01,490 --> 00:20:03,450 are based on the different country regulations 542 542 00:20:03,450 --> 00:20:04,730 of where you're going to operate in 543 543 00:20:04,730 --> 00:20:05,630 and this can determine 544 544 00:20:05,630 --> 00:20:07,750 which frequencies you can actually use. 545 545 00:20:07,750 --> 00:20:10,080 For example, there are these old high-frequency 546 546 00:20:10,080 --> 00:20:13,250 or HF networks that used to be used by ham radio operators 547 547 00:20:13,250 --> 00:20:14,920 that are still being used today 548 548 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:17,420 but did you know these same radio frequencies 549 549 00:20:17,420 --> 00:20:20,270 can actually run a high-speed packet network over them? 550 550 00:20:20,270 --> 00:20:23,790 Now, high-speed packet is really kind of a foolish term here 551 551 00:20:23,790 --> 00:20:25,370 because they're not that high speed. 552 552 00:20:25,370 --> 00:20:30,140 They're actually only about 9,600 bps or 9.6 Kbps. 553 553 00:20:30,140 --> 00:20:32,760 Yes, these are actually very, very slow networks 554 554 00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:34,040 but when they were created, 555 555 00:20:34,040 --> 00:20:36,420 they were considered a high-speed packet network. 556 556 00:20:36,420 --> 00:20:38,310 Now, we can run some basic data over them, 557 557 00:20:38,310 --> 00:20:40,650 like a chat room, or maybe send an email or two 558 558 00:20:40,650 --> 00:20:41,940 but that's about it. 559 559 00:20:41,940 --> 00:20:44,040 Usually, these high-frequency radio networks 560 560 00:20:44,040 --> 00:20:46,210 are going to be used for very special use cases, 561 561 00:20:46,210 --> 00:20:48,180 such as in a disaster relief scenario 562 562 00:20:48,180 --> 00:20:49,710 or a military situation 563 563 00:20:49,710 --> 00:20:51,960 but they are a valid wireless WAN connection 564 564 00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:53,710 that you need to be aware of. 565 565 00:20:53,710 --> 00:20:56,060 All right, I know we covered a ton of information 566 566 00:20:56,060 --> 00:20:58,020 here in wireless WAN types. 567 567 00:20:58,020 --> 00:21:00,220 Now we covered things like cellular, and microwave, 568 568 00:21:00,220 --> 00:21:02,430 and satellite, and high-frequency radio. 569 569 00:21:02,430 --> 00:21:04,150 Remember, as you're trying to determine 570 570 00:21:04,150 --> 00:21:06,610 what the best WAN solution is for your networks, 571 571 00:21:06,610 --> 00:21:09,080 you need to consider each of these wireless WAN connections 572 572 00:21:09,080 --> 00:21:10,130 because they may be right 573 573 00:21:10,130 --> 00:21:12,043 given your use case or your scenario.