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<v ->Network logging.</v>
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In this lesson, we're going to discuss how we conduct
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network logging inside of our networks.
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Now all of our network devices are going to generate logs
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based on the information, events, warnings, alerts,
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and other critical data that they generate.
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If you have a very small network,
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it's pretty easy for you to log into a network device
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and review the logs individually or manually.
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But, if you're like me and you start working on large
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enterprise networks, this is impossible.
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For example,
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one of the networks I previously worked on
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had thousands of network switches and hundreds of routers.
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There is no way I could possibly log into each and every one
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of them and review those log files individually,
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each and every day.
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So instead we use something known as Syslog.
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Syslog is a protocol that's used to send these logs
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to a centralized server.
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This becomes the easiest way for us to gather all the logs
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across all our routers and switches
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and bring them back to a central point
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where we can analyze and review them.
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All of our routers, our switches, our servers,
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and all of our other devices can be configured
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to send their own logs back to the centralized server,
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to make our jobs easier and more efficient;
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if we use syslog.
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These centralized servers are known as syslog servers.
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Or you can have a SIM,
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which is a Security Information Management System.
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Or a SEM, a Security Event Management System.
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Or the new combination of the two known, as a SIEM,
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a Security Information and Event Management System.
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These days, most people have moved to a SIEM
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because it combines the functionality
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of all these other types of logging
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and analysis systems into one device.
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By sending all of your logs to the centralized server,
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it allows you, as an administrator or analyst,
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to normalize and correlate the events
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in order to see trends over time.
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For example, if I see someone's conducting
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a ping sweep of my firewall,
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that's really not that big of a deal.
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But, if I see that as coming within a few minutes of that
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sweep, and I see from the same IP address,
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somebody trying to connect to my servers or my clients,
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that may be a concern that can be flagged for investigation.
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Because maybe, they were preparing the environment
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by seeing what ports were open.
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And now they're launching an attack.
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When you configure your syslog server,
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your SIM, your SEM, or your SIEM,
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there are two primary components you have to have.
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You have to have a client and you have to have a server.
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Now, a client is just the device
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that's going to send the log information
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to the syslog server.
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This can be a router, a switch, a firewall,
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a web server, or any other type of device.
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Then you have a server and this is going to receive
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and store all those logs from all the different clients.
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Each client can be configured to send logs to the server
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based on different severity levels
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of the information they contain.
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Now, when it does this, it's going to send the data
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over port 514, using UDP,
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the User Datagram Protocol.
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Now syslog has eight different severity levels.
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The severity levels start at zero
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and they count upward to seven.
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So zero is going to be the most severe
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and seven is going to be the least severe
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or the most benign.
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Now level zero is going to be used for emergencies,
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and it's going to be considered the most severe condition
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because the system has now become unstable.
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With level one, we're going to have an alert condition.
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And this means there's a condition
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that should be corrected immediately.
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Level two is used for a critical condition.
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And it means there's a failure
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in the system's primary application.
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And it requires somebody immediate attention.
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With level three, we have an error condition.
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And it means that something is happening to the system
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that's preventing it from functioning properly.
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Now, for example,
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your file system storage may have reached it's limits
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and now the system can't write the data.
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And so it's generating a write error
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when it tries to save that log information.
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And that could generate an error condition.
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Now level four is going to be used for warning conditions,
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and it can indicate that an error is going to occur
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if action isn't taken soon.
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For example, let's say your file system
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only has two gigabytes of space remaining.
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So you need to free up more space
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before you start to get write errors.
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This can send an alert.
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This would be known as a warning condition
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because you're running out of this space.
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Now level five is used for notice conditions.
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And that means these are events that are unusual,
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but they're not exactly error conditions.
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Level six is for information conditions.
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And this is going to be a normal operational message
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that requires no action.
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For example, you might see in your logs
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that an application has started or paused
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or ended successfully.
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These are all informational logs.
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Level seven is going to be used for debugging conditions.
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And it's just information that's useful to developers
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as they're debugging their networks and their applications.
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Now, as a network or system administrator,
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it's your responsibility to determine
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what levels should be logged
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and how long do you want to keep those logs inside
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your syslog server or your SIEM?
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Now, while we would love to keep everything forever.
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For most of us, that's just not practical
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because we'll eventually run out of hard disk space.
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So, some administrators will limit what they log.
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And they decide to only log things
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from level zero to level five.
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And they'll ignore the informational or debugging logs.
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This all depends on your organization and the policies
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you're going to set forth inside your business.
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All right,
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we've talked a lot about logs so far in syslog.
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But we haven't really looked at one yet.
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So let's pull up a log and take a look inside.
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Here's an example from a syslog server.
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Here, we have the date, the time, the location,
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and then we have the log level.
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And you could see things like alerts, emergency,
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error, warning, notice, informational,
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and things like that.
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Then, you have the machine or the host name
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and the IP in the next column.
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So, you know, what machine did the reporting
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of this error or information or warning.
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Then you have the actual text of the log message itself.
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This will say things like, "this is a test message",
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or "this is an error. And here's the error I had".
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By having this information and understanding
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what it is, as an analyst or administrator,
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you can start going back and figuring out what caused
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the incident and what really occurred.
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Now for the exam, what do you need to know about syslog?
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Well, you need to understand the eight different levels.
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You may get a question that says,
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"what is level number three in syslog?"
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And you need to say, "that's an error message".
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Alright, let's go ahead
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and talk a little bit more about logs.
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Remember, a syslog server is all just a big collection of
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all the different logs from all the different servers
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and clients and network devices we have.
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Now, when it comes to network device logs,
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we can review these inside the syslog server,
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as well as by looking at our traffic logs
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and our audit logs.
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Now, when it comes to network traffic logs,
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these are going to contain information about traffic flows
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within your network.
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For example, if you collect network traffic logs
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from your router or your firewall,
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you're going to see a list of every connection
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that's been made to and from your network.
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For example,
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you could see the source IP, the source port,
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the destination IP, the destination port,
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as well as the Mac address of the client,
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the time it took to occur, the length of the packet,
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and even it's time to live.
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Then you can analyze these traffic flows
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to determine if this is normal traffic for you
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and something you'd expect to see in your baseline.
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Or, is this something that's abnormal
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and needs to be investigated further?
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For example, if you know that in a given day,
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you're used to seeing about a gigabyte of data
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leaving your network over port 443,
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but today you saw 10 gigabytes of data
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was leaving your network.
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That is something you need to worry about.
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So you might take a look at that and see,
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have you been hacked?
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Is somebody stealing all your data?
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Now does it mean that's happening?
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Well, not necessarily.
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But we do know it's abnormal, because we expect to see
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somewhere around one. And right now we're seeing around 10.
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So we need an investigate that closer
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and dive into those network traffic logs
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to see what's happening.
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Let's say for example, that happened in my company.
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I would want to investigate that.
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Now, most likely what I'll
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find is that my video editor was uploading all of our videos
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to cloud-based servers because 10 gigabytes of data
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is only about an hour or two, a video for our courses.
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Now she might edit all week and then on Friday,
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upload all that data.
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And that's why we're seeing that big spike on Friday.
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Similarly, if you see traffic that you're not expecting,
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like somebody saying data over some port that you're not
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using, like port 21 for FTP,
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but you don't have an FTP server.
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This could be something that's abnormal
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and suspicious as well.
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The key to understanding your network traffic logs
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is understanding what normal looks like.
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And so you have to understand what normal is
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in your baseline.
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So you can then determine what is abnormal
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and what needs to be looked at
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much more closely as you do investigations.
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Also, when you're looking at your traffic logs,
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this can help you during your troubleshooting efforts.
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For example,
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you might see that you're trying to send data
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to a particular IP address.
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But it's stopping at a particular router or firewall
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within your network.
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By investigating this and the traffic logs,
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you can determine why this blockage is occurring.
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Now the second type of network device log
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we need to talk about is an audit log.
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Now, an audit log or audit trail is a record
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of all the events and changes
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that have happened on that device.
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Every IT device keeps a log based on the events
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and an audit log is typically going to contain
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a sequence of events for a particular activity.
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In a network device, this would be something
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like a configuration change that you made to that system.
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So let's say, for example,
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you came into work and you found that somebody changed
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the configuration on your border gateway router.
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Now, you could log in and see who made that change
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and exactly what changes were made
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by reviewing that audit log for the device.
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For your convenience, these audit logs
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can be sent over syslog to that centralized server
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for review and analysis as well.
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Now, when it comes to servers and clients,
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we're usually going to be using windows machines
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in enterprise networks.
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For windows, there are three main types of logs
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you can also collect.
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These are application logs, security logs, and system logs.
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To view these logs, you can open your event viewer
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on a windows system and access the different
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types of logs.
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The first one is an application log.
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In windows this contains information
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about the software running on your client or server.
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Now, there are three severity levels
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in a windows application log.
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We have informational, warning, or error.
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For example, if you have Microsoft word
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and it crashes on you, you can go check
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the application log and figure out why it keeps crashing.
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Our second one we have is a security log.
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The security log contains information about
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the security of your client or server.
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This is going to have things like successful
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and failed login attempts,
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and other pertinent security information.
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This will also show you if an audit success or audit failure
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occurred for those logs.
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Now, the third one we have is a system log.
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The system log contains all the information
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about the operating system itself.
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There are three severity codes here;
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just like the application log.
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We're still going to have informational, warning, and error.
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In this example, there are four errors
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and the rest were informational items.
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The errors are notated by that red exclamation mark.
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Whereas, if you see the warning,
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it's going to be a yellow triangle.
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And information is a white circle
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with a blue I inside of it.
