1 1 00:00:00,290 --> 00:00:02,220 Copper cable issues. 2 2 00:00:02,220 --> 00:00:03,370 Now, in this lesson, 3 3 00:00:03,370 --> 00:00:05,750 we're going to discuss the various copper cable issues 4 4 00:00:05,750 --> 00:00:07,030 that you may experience. 5 5 00:00:07,030 --> 00:00:09,130 This includes things like incorrect pinouts, 6 6 00:00:09,130 --> 00:00:11,620 bad ports, opens, and shorts. 7 7 00:00:11,620 --> 00:00:13,700 First, we have incorrect pinouts. 8 8 00:00:13,700 --> 00:00:15,770 If you're testing a twisted pair of network connection, 9 9 00:00:15,770 --> 00:00:17,340 and it isn't working properly, 10 10 00:00:17,340 --> 00:00:19,380 the chances are, your connections pinout 11 11 00:00:19,380 --> 00:00:20,720 is probably incorrect. 12 12 00:00:20,720 --> 00:00:21,810 Now, there are a few places 13 13 00:00:21,810 --> 00:00:23,780 that connections pinout could be incorrect, 14 14 00:00:23,780 --> 00:00:25,960 including the patch panel, the wall jack, 15 15 00:00:25,960 --> 00:00:28,520 or the RJ45 connector itself. 16 16 00:00:28,520 --> 00:00:29,930 When you look at the patch panel, 17 17 00:00:29,930 --> 00:00:31,130 there's usually going to be a sticker 18 18 00:00:31,130 --> 00:00:34,140 near the punch-down block that shows you what wire or pin 19 19 00:00:34,140 --> 00:00:35,980 should be attached to each connection point 20 20 00:00:35,980 --> 00:00:37,400 on that patch panel. 21 21 00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:41,553 By default, most patch panels use a TIA 568B pinout. 22 22 00:00:42,410 --> 00:00:44,560 This means we have pins one through eight 23 23 00:00:44,560 --> 00:00:47,750 being connected as white/orange, orange, 24 24 00:00:47,750 --> 00:00:51,430 white/green, blue, white/blue, green, 25 25 00:00:51,430 --> 00:00:53,570 white/brown and brown. 26 26 00:00:53,570 --> 00:00:55,220 If you're having an issue with the connection 27 27 00:00:55,220 --> 00:00:57,210 and you suspect the pinout is incorrect, 28 28 00:00:57,210 --> 00:00:58,530 you need to visually inspect 29 29 00:00:58,530 --> 00:01:01,130 the back of the patch panel and it's punch-down block 30 30 00:01:01,130 --> 00:01:02,350 to ensure the proper colors 31 31 00:01:02,350 --> 00:01:04,410 are being put in the proper pins. 32 32 00:01:04,410 --> 00:01:06,340 Now, when you're looking at the back of a wall jack, 33 33 00:01:06,340 --> 00:01:08,480 the exact same thing holds true. 34 34 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:10,350 Instead of being shown as pins one through eight 35 35 00:01:10,350 --> 00:01:13,100 in a horizontal layout like you might see in a patch panel, 36 36 00:01:13,100 --> 00:01:14,720 most wall jacks will usually have 37 37 00:01:14,720 --> 00:01:16,360 four pins on one end of the jack, 38 38 00:01:16,360 --> 00:01:18,080 and four pins on the other. 39 39 00:01:18,080 --> 00:01:20,640 This wall jack is also known as a keystone. 40 40 00:01:20,640 --> 00:01:23,340 And it's clearly going to be labeled as pins one through eight, 41 41 00:01:23,340 --> 00:01:26,210 or visually using color code stickers or markers 42 42 00:01:26,210 --> 00:01:27,980 for each pin's location. 43 43 00:01:27,980 --> 00:01:31,000 Finally, we have our RJ45 connector itself. 44 44 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:33,550 These plastic connectors are using net copper pins 45 45 00:01:33,550 --> 00:01:37,920 to the inner twisted pair wires of a UTP or STP cable. 46 46 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:41,640 While an RJ45 is not clearly labeled from pin one to eight, 47 47 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:44,900 or with the TIA 568B color scheme you need, 48 48 00:01:44,900 --> 00:01:46,710 you can always visually look at the pins 49 49 00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:50,050 and see all eight pins inside the RJ45 connector. 50 50 00:01:50,050 --> 00:01:51,920 When you hold up the RJ45 connector 51 51 00:01:51,920 --> 00:01:54,430 with a small plastic clip facing downward, 52 52 00:01:54,430 --> 00:01:55,680 you can then look at the pins 53 53 00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:57,510 and count them from left to right, 54 54 00:01:57,510 --> 00:01:59,220 numbered from one to eight. 55 55 00:01:59,220 --> 00:02:00,600 Again, this will ensure 56 56 00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:02,040 that your inner twisted pair wires 57 57 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:03,430 are color coded correctly 58 58 00:02:03,430 --> 00:02:06,760 as white/orange, orange, white/green, blue, 59 59 00:02:06,760 --> 00:02:09,710 white/blue, green, white/brown, brown, 60 60 00:02:09,710 --> 00:02:12,080 when you view it from pin one to pin eight. 61 61 00:02:12,080 --> 00:02:15,040 To test the connection or a cable and verify its pinout, 62 62 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:18,460 you can also use a cable tester or a wire mapping tool. 63 63 00:02:18,460 --> 00:02:20,050 These tools will test the inner wire 64 64 00:02:20,050 --> 00:02:21,400 from your cable or connection, 65 65 00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:22,930 and ensure they're properly cabled 66 66 00:02:22,930 --> 00:02:24,750 from one end to the other. 67 67 00:02:24,750 --> 00:02:27,360 If the connection is found to be incorrectly pinned out, 68 68 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:29,730 you can simply disconnect the individual wires, 69 69 00:02:29,730 --> 00:02:32,360 re-strip the twisted pair cable using a wire stripper, 70 70 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:33,680 and re-punch down the wires 71 71 00:02:33,680 --> 00:02:35,530 into the patch panel or wall jack, 72 72 00:02:35,530 --> 00:02:38,750 or replace the RJ45 connector on the cable 73 73 00:02:38,750 --> 00:02:40,940 until all portions are properly using 74 74 00:02:40,940 --> 00:02:44,270 the TIA 568B wiring standards. 75 75 00:02:44,270 --> 00:02:47,810 Next, we have the issue of bad ports in a copper network. 76 76 00:02:47,810 --> 00:02:50,560 Each network interface card on a workstation or server 77 77 00:02:50,560 --> 00:02:53,240 needs to connect to an ethernet twisted pair network, 78 78 00:02:53,240 --> 00:02:54,840 is going to have an ethernet port, 79 79 00:02:54,840 --> 00:02:58,160 that it's going to use and accept an RJ45 connector into. 80 80 00:02:58,160 --> 00:02:59,770 If you need to test the ethernet port 81 81 00:02:59,770 --> 00:03:01,420 on your network interface card, 82 82 00:03:01,420 --> 00:03:03,250 you're going to need to use a loopback plug, 83 83 00:03:03,250 --> 00:03:04,890 and specialized software. 84 84 00:03:04,890 --> 00:03:06,250 This will let you send out data 85 85 00:03:06,250 --> 00:03:08,420 and have it returned back in the ethernet port, 86 86 00:03:08,420 --> 00:03:10,800 and determine if everything's functioning properly. 87 87 00:03:10,800 --> 00:03:11,660 If it isn't, 88 88 00:03:11,660 --> 00:03:13,980 you need to replace the network interface card. 89 89 00:03:13,980 --> 00:03:15,300 If the network interface card 90 90 00:03:15,300 --> 00:03:16,900 is soldered to your motherboard, 91 91 00:03:16,900 --> 00:03:19,180 you can then add an expansion card instead 92 92 00:03:19,180 --> 00:03:21,970 to replace this broken onboard ethernet port. 93 93 00:03:21,970 --> 00:03:25,010 Now, if you suspect a bad port on a switch or a router, 94 94 00:03:25,010 --> 00:03:26,580 you need to connect a loopback plug 95 95 00:03:26,580 --> 00:03:27,960 to the port on that device 96 96 00:03:27,960 --> 00:03:30,070 and run a test using specialized software, 97 97 00:03:30,070 --> 00:03:32,100 just like you would on a workstation. 98 98 00:03:32,100 --> 00:03:34,480 Now, if the port is found to be faulty or bad, 99 99 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:36,780 you can then switch out any connections from that port 100 100 00:03:36,780 --> 00:03:39,340 to another available port on the switch or router. 101 101 00:03:39,340 --> 00:03:40,560 In the case of a router, 102 102 00:03:40,560 --> 00:03:42,760 you may also be able to replace the ethernet port 103 103 00:03:42,760 --> 00:03:44,360 by changing out the interface card 104 104 00:03:44,360 --> 00:03:46,380 for the router on that slot. 105 105 00:03:46,380 --> 00:03:48,740 If not, you're going to have to simply move that connection 106 106 00:03:48,740 --> 00:03:50,600 to another available port. 107 107 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:52,950 Finally, we have opens and shorts. 108 108 00:03:52,950 --> 00:03:55,640 When you conduct a cable test of a twisted pair connection, 109 109 00:03:55,640 --> 00:03:57,690 you may find an open or a short exists 110 110 00:03:57,690 --> 00:03:59,490 on that cable connection. 111 111 00:03:59,490 --> 00:04:02,360 The result of open is going to occur during a cable test, 112 112 00:04:02,360 --> 00:04:04,900 if you have nothing on the other end of the connection, 113 113 00:04:04,900 --> 00:04:07,070 or if there's some kind of a break in the wires 114 114 00:04:07,070 --> 00:04:09,210 between the source and the destination. 115 115 00:04:09,210 --> 00:04:11,320 So, if I'm conducting a test of a cable 116 116 00:04:11,320 --> 00:04:13,280 from a patch panel to the wall jack, 117 117 00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:15,300 over a patch cable into my tester, 118 118 00:04:15,300 --> 00:04:16,640 and it reports as open, 119 119 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:19,140 that means somewhere in that end-to-end connection, 120 120 00:04:19,140 --> 00:04:20,260 it's either disconnected, 121 121 00:04:20,260 --> 00:04:21,630 or one of those cables 122 122 00:04:21,630 --> 00:04:23,490 has been accidentally cut or broken. 123 123 00:04:23,490 --> 00:04:24,900 At that point, we're going to need 124 124 00:04:24,900 --> 00:04:26,500 to test each piece of the connection 125 125 00:04:26,500 --> 00:04:28,460 to determine where that break exists. 126 126 00:04:28,460 --> 00:04:31,090 For example, I might first test the patch cable. 127 127 00:04:31,090 --> 00:04:32,300 And if that's successful, 128 128 00:04:32,300 --> 00:04:34,370 I know that the problem isn't my patch cable, 129 129 00:04:34,370 --> 00:04:36,690 and instead, I'm going to look at the patch panel connection, 130 130 00:04:36,690 --> 00:04:38,420 or the wall jack connection. 131 131 00:04:38,420 --> 00:04:41,140 The opposite of an open is considered a short. 132 132 00:04:41,140 --> 00:04:44,040 Now a short indicates that two wires are connected together, 133 133 00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:45,650 somewhere in that connection. 134 134 00:04:45,650 --> 00:04:48,300 Usually, this occurs when a cable is poorly made, 135 135 00:04:48,300 --> 00:04:50,320 or two of the inner twisted pair wires 136 136 00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:51,900 are accidentally touching each other 137 137 00:04:51,900 --> 00:04:54,420 in a single pin of an RJ45 connector. 138 138 00:04:54,420 --> 00:04:56,290 If you're experiencing a short in your connection, 139 139 00:04:56,290 --> 00:04:58,570 you should rewire the RJ45 connection 140 140 00:04:58,570 --> 00:04:59,570 at the end of the cable, 141 141 00:04:59,570 --> 00:05:01,940 as this is usually going to be the source of your problem. 142 142 00:05:01,940 --> 00:05:03,170 If this doesn't fix it, 143 143 00:05:03,170 --> 00:05:05,490 then you need to physically examine the entire cable 144 144 00:05:05,490 --> 00:05:06,470 to see if it's been damaged 145 145 00:05:06,470 --> 00:05:08,480 somewhere in the middle of that cable run. 146 146 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:10,660 Alternatively, you can simply replace the cable 147 147 00:05:10,660 --> 00:05:11,780 with a known good cable, 148 148 00:05:11,780 --> 00:05:13,660 and this can also solve your issue. 149 149 00:05:13,660 --> 00:05:15,660 If you need to test for incorrect pinouts, 150 150 00:05:15,660 --> 00:05:19,120 opens, and shorts, a good cable tester, a cable certifier, 151 151 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:22,550 or a wire mapping tool will be the key to your success. 152 152 00:05:22,550 --> 00:05:24,190 If you're testing for a bad port, 153 153 00:05:24,190 --> 00:05:26,510 then a loopback adaptor or a loopback plug 154 154 00:05:26,510 --> 00:05:28,060 is going to be the tool to use. 155 155 00:05:28,060 --> 00:05:29,560 Remember, for the exam, 156 156 00:05:29,560 --> 00:05:30,600 it's important to understand 157 157 00:05:30,600 --> 00:05:32,140 which tool you might need to use 158 158 00:05:32,140 --> 00:05:34,740 to troubleshoot different cable connectivity issues. 159 159 00:05:35,880 --> 00:05:38,052 (electric buzz)