1 1 00:00:00,630 --> 00:00:02,240 IP Addressing. 2 2 00:00:02,240 --> 00:00:03,930 Welcome to this section of the course 3 3 00:00:03,930 --> 00:00:06,580 where we're going to start discussing IP addressing. 4 4 00:00:06,580 --> 00:00:10,120 Now, you may be wondering what exactly is an IP address? 5 5 00:00:10,120 --> 00:00:11,450 Well, an IP address, 6 6 00:00:11,450 --> 00:00:13,470 also knows as an Internet Protocol Address, 7 7 00:00:13,470 --> 00:00:15,070 is an assigned numerical label 8 8 00:00:15,070 --> 00:00:17,440 that's used to identify internet communicating devices 9 9 00:00:17,440 --> 00:00:19,020 on a computer network. 10 10 00:00:19,020 --> 00:00:21,990 IP addresses are used at Layer 3 of the OSI model, 11 11 00:00:21,990 --> 00:00:24,460 and they're also used by routers to be able to send data 12 12 00:00:24,460 --> 00:00:26,580 from one network to another network. 13 13 00:00:26,580 --> 00:00:28,660 Remember, when we're dealing with two devices 14 14 00:00:28,660 --> 00:00:30,770 that are internal to our own network or LAN, 15 15 00:00:30,770 --> 00:00:33,330 we're usually going to be dealing with Layer 2 addressing, 16 16 00:00:33,330 --> 00:00:35,100 which is based on MAC addresses. 17 17 00:00:35,100 --> 00:00:37,210 And that data is going to be forward around the network 18 18 00:00:37,210 --> 00:00:38,760 via our network switches. 19 19 00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:41,510 But, once we start going to two different networks 20 20 00:00:41,510 --> 00:00:43,070 or even two different subnets, 21 21 00:00:43,070 --> 00:00:45,300 we have to start using Layer 3 addressing 22 22 00:00:45,300 --> 00:00:47,040 with our IP addresses. 23 23 00:00:47,040 --> 00:00:48,320 Now, let me give you an analogy 24 24 00:00:48,320 --> 00:00:49,320 that will help you understand 25 25 00:00:49,320 --> 00:00:51,350 how IP addresses actually work. 26 26 00:00:51,350 --> 00:00:52,940 Let's pretend that an IP address 27 27 00:00:52,940 --> 00:00:55,190 is just like a mailing address for your home, 28 28 00:00:55,190 --> 00:00:57,000 but we're going to use it for a computer. 29 29 00:00:57,000 --> 00:00:58,860 Now, if I was going to send you a letter at home, 30 30 00:00:58,860 --> 00:01:01,050 I have to have a way to uniquely identify your house 31 31 00:01:01,050 --> 00:01:02,290 from all the other houses 32 32 00:01:02,290 --> 00:01:05,240 that are located on the same street or within the same city. 33 33 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:07,100 Now, each house can stand on its own 34 34 00:01:07,100 --> 00:01:08,900 and it can be built wherever you want it to be. 35 35 00:01:08,900 --> 00:01:10,860 Regardless of whether it has an assigned address to it 36 36 00:01:10,860 --> 00:01:12,650 on the front of the house or not. 37 37 00:01:12,650 --> 00:01:14,800 This would be equivalent of me powering on my laptop 38 38 00:01:14,800 --> 00:01:16,980 while not being connected to any networks. 39 39 00:01:16,980 --> 00:01:19,540 Now, as long as nobody needs to know where my laptop is, 40 40 00:01:19,540 --> 00:01:20,430 it doesn't really matter. 41 41 00:01:20,430 --> 00:01:21,640 I can be anywhere I want, 42 42 00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:23,530 because nobody's going to be sending me any data. 43 43 00:01:23,530 --> 00:01:25,840 And in this case, I won't need an IP address. 44 44 00:01:25,840 --> 00:01:27,830 Just like your house, doesn't need an address 45 45 00:01:27,830 --> 00:01:29,980 if nobody has to send you any packages. 46 46 00:01:29,980 --> 00:01:32,260 But if somebody wants to be able to go over to your house 47 47 00:01:32,260 --> 00:01:33,500 or to send you a package, 48 48 00:01:33,500 --> 00:01:36,120 they need to know how to get from one house to another. 49 49 00:01:36,120 --> 00:01:37,430 And that's where you're going to need to know 50 50 00:01:37,430 --> 00:01:39,680 the house number, the street, and the city name 51 51 00:01:39,680 --> 00:01:41,000 so you can find it. 52 52 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:43,030 This would be the equivalent of having an IP address 53 53 00:01:43,030 --> 00:01:44,300 assigned to my laptop. 54 54 00:01:44,300 --> 00:01:46,410 Because once I have that IP address assigned 55 55 00:01:46,410 --> 00:01:47,710 people can now send me data 56 56 00:01:47,710 --> 00:01:50,550 and I can communicate with other people on the network. 57 57 00:01:50,550 --> 00:01:52,400 Now, going back to my house example. 58 58 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:54,260 If you want to be able to communicate with people, 59 59 00:01:54,260 --> 00:01:56,640 you need to know their house number, their street, 60 60 00:01:56,640 --> 00:01:58,270 their city, and their state 61 61 00:01:58,270 --> 00:02:00,690 that makes up their complete mailing address. 62 62 00:02:00,690 --> 00:02:02,670 This way you can send them a package or a letter 63 63 00:02:02,670 --> 00:02:04,300 and it will get to them, right? 64 64 00:02:04,300 --> 00:02:05,650 Well, here in the United States, 65 65 00:02:05,650 --> 00:02:08,020 we have a standard format for any letter or package 66 66 00:02:08,020 --> 00:02:09,630 that we want to send and have it delivered 67 67 00:02:09,630 --> 00:02:11,130 by the postal service. 68 68 00:02:11,130 --> 00:02:13,150 The first line always has your house number 69 69 00:02:13,150 --> 00:02:16,530 and a street name, something like 123 Main Street. 70 70 00:02:16,530 --> 00:02:18,710 The second line is always going to have your city, 71 71 00:02:18,710 --> 00:02:20,320 your state, and your ZIP code. 72 72 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:21,360 So it might be something 73 73 00:02:21,360 --> 00:02:25,080 like San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00918. 74 74 00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:26,870 This happens to be the information that we use 75 75 00:02:26,870 --> 00:02:28,640 for Dion Training's office. 76 76 00:02:28,640 --> 00:02:30,810 Now, when you're using the standard format, 77 77 00:02:30,810 --> 00:02:32,880 the postal system is able to figure out 78 78 00:02:32,880 --> 00:02:35,800 how to send the letter from your house to my office, 79 79 00:02:35,800 --> 00:02:37,950 Because everybody knows the same common format 80 80 00:02:37,950 --> 00:02:41,040 that we're all going to be using and how we can all read it. 81 81 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:43,080 So when a letter is going to be sent from your home 82 82 00:02:43,080 --> 00:02:45,250 to my office, the post office first starts 83 83 00:02:45,250 --> 00:02:47,780 at the second line, which is more generic. 84 84 00:02:47,780 --> 00:02:50,560 This had my city, my state, and my ZIP code. 85 85 00:02:50,560 --> 00:02:52,940 So the post office is going to look at the address 86 86 00:02:52,940 --> 00:02:55,030 on your letter and determines if it can be delivered 87 87 00:02:55,030 --> 00:02:56,620 by the same post office. 88 88 00:02:56,620 --> 00:02:59,810 For example, if you happen to be in the same city as me, 89 89 00:02:59,810 --> 00:03:02,850 our local post office will take it from my house to them, 90 90 00:03:02,850 --> 00:03:04,980 and then from them to you. 91 91 00:03:04,980 --> 00:03:07,670 You see in our postal system, each post office 92 92 00:03:07,670 --> 00:03:10,070 is going to provide service to only one ZIP code. 93 93 00:03:10,070 --> 00:03:11,250 So if you mailed the letter 94 94 00:03:11,250 --> 00:03:12,990 from Beverly Hills, California, 95 95 00:03:12,990 --> 00:03:16,250 that post office services the 90210 ZIP code. 96 96 00:03:16,250 --> 00:03:17,560 And they're going to look at this letter 97 97 00:03:17,560 --> 00:03:19,700 that you're trying to send to my office in Puerto Rico, 98 98 00:03:19,700 --> 00:03:22,540 and they're going to see the ZIP code of 00918. 99 99 00:03:22,540 --> 00:03:24,110 Those two ZIP codes don't match. 100 100 00:03:24,110 --> 00:03:25,910 And since we're not in the same ZIP code, 101 101 00:03:25,910 --> 00:03:27,310 that means they're going to have to go 102 102 00:03:27,310 --> 00:03:29,060 and check the state or territory 103 103 00:03:29,060 --> 00:03:31,010 that's listed on that second line. 104 104 00:03:31,010 --> 00:03:33,340 In this example, the state or territory that we're using 105 105 00:03:33,340 --> 00:03:34,880 is the island of Puerto Rico, 106 106 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:37,000 which is a territory of the United States. 107 107 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:38,760 So they're going to take the letter 108 108 00:03:38,760 --> 00:03:40,810 from the Beverly Hills Post Office and forward it 109 109 00:03:40,810 --> 00:03:42,070 to the distribution center, 110 110 00:03:42,070 --> 00:03:44,660 which happens to be in Los Angeles, California. 111 111 00:03:44,660 --> 00:03:46,350 This is then going to put on a truck 112 112 00:03:46,350 --> 00:03:48,340 and go to that mail distribution center. 113 113 00:03:48,340 --> 00:03:49,840 Now, once it gets to Los Angeles, 114 114 00:03:49,840 --> 00:03:51,540 it's going to go on another truck and they're going to send it 115 115 00:03:51,540 --> 00:03:53,580 to the South Eastern part of the United States, 116 116 00:03:53,580 --> 00:03:54,760 to the mail distribution center 117 117 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:56,850 located in Jacksonville, Florida. 118 118 00:03:56,850 --> 00:03:58,680 Once it gets to Jacksonville, Florida, 119 119 00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:00,410 they're going to look at that city and state, 120 120 00:04:00,410 --> 00:04:02,210 and see is it within Florida. 121 121 00:04:02,210 --> 00:04:03,910 If it is, they load it on a truck 122 122 00:04:03,910 --> 00:04:05,300 and send it to the general area, 123 123 00:04:05,300 --> 00:04:08,100 either North Florida, Central Florida, or South Florida. 124 124 00:04:08,100 --> 00:04:09,430 And then, it will keep getting forwarded, 125 125 00:04:09,430 --> 00:04:11,380 more and more specific, until it reaches 126 126 00:04:11,380 --> 00:04:13,070 the final destination city. 127 127 00:04:13,070 --> 00:04:15,090 But in our case, this letter actually 128 128 00:04:15,090 --> 00:04:16,400 needs to go to Puerto Rico. 129 129 00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:17,850 So we can't put it on a truck. 130 130 00:04:17,850 --> 00:04:19,640 Instead, we're going to put it on a boat 131 131 00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:20,780 from Jacksonville Harbor. 132 132 00:04:20,780 --> 00:04:22,800 And it's going to go from their main distribution center 133 133 00:04:22,800 --> 00:04:24,210 to the regional distribution center, 134 134 00:04:24,210 --> 00:04:26,690 located down in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 135 135 00:04:26,690 --> 00:04:28,940 Now, once it gets down to San Juan, Puerto Rico, 136 136 00:04:28,940 --> 00:04:32,130 this actually services Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 137 137 00:04:32,130 --> 00:04:33,220 Once it gets there, 138 138 00:04:33,220 --> 00:04:35,060 they're going to look at that state territory line. 139 139 00:04:35,060 --> 00:04:37,080 And they're going to see it's going to Puerto Rico, 140 140 00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:39,820 which happens to be the same island this letter is now on. 141 141 00:04:39,820 --> 00:04:41,660 So their regional facility, 142 142 00:04:41,660 --> 00:04:43,430 which also happens to be in San Juan, 143 143 00:04:43,430 --> 00:04:46,280 is going to look at that exact city that I wanted it to go to 144 144 00:04:46,280 --> 00:04:48,370 by looking at the city and ZIP code. 145 145 00:04:48,370 --> 00:04:49,203 In this case, 146 146 00:04:49,203 --> 00:04:51,690 it needs to go from the main distribution center in San Juan 147 147 00:04:51,690 --> 00:04:53,600 to the local post office in San Juan. 148 148 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:55,210 And because San Juan is a big city, 149 149 00:04:55,210 --> 00:04:56,610 with over a million people in it, 150 150 00:04:56,610 --> 00:04:57,990 there are a lot of different ZIP codes 151 151 00:04:57,990 --> 00:05:01,210 and different post offices within the City of San Juan. 152 152 00:05:01,210 --> 00:05:02,760 So they're going to check the ZIP code 153 153 00:05:02,760 --> 00:05:04,290 and find out that this letter 154 154 00:05:04,290 --> 00:05:06,040 needs to go to the San Juan Post Office, 155 155 00:05:06,040 --> 00:05:08,910 that services the 00918 ZIP code. 156 156 00:05:08,910 --> 00:05:12,040 So once again, our letter is put on a truck and it's moved. 157 157 00:05:12,040 --> 00:05:14,000 This time, it's going from the regional center 158 158 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:17,700 to the local post office of 00918 in San Juan, 159 159 00:05:17,700 --> 00:05:20,290 which will then allow it to be delivered to the end-user. 160 160 00:05:20,290 --> 00:05:23,790 So, this letter now makes it to the local post office, 161 161 00:05:23,790 --> 00:05:26,010 but it's still not done being moved. 162 162 00:05:26,010 --> 00:05:28,800 At this point, we've done all the big bulk movements. 163 163 00:05:28,800 --> 00:05:31,550 We've gone from state to state, and city to city. 164 164 00:05:31,550 --> 00:05:33,740 And now, we are down at the local post office 165 165 00:05:33,740 --> 00:05:35,290 that services my office, 166 166 00:05:35,290 --> 00:05:37,920 but I don't have that letter in my hands yet. 167 167 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:41,250 So now, this post office at 00918 168 168 00:05:41,250 --> 00:05:42,860 is going to check all the street addresses 169 169 00:05:42,860 --> 00:05:44,930 for all the letters that they've received that day. 170 170 00:05:44,930 --> 00:05:46,550 And they're going to put it onto the right truck 171 171 00:05:46,550 --> 00:05:49,240 with the right mail person that delivers to that street. 172 172 00:05:49,240 --> 00:05:51,340 Because each mail person usually delivers 173 173 00:05:51,340 --> 00:05:53,140 to 10 or 20 streets per day. 174 174 00:05:53,140 --> 00:05:55,360 Now, once this mail person has my letter, 175 175 00:05:55,360 --> 00:05:57,430 they're going to deliver it by driving around the neighborhoods 176 176 00:05:57,430 --> 00:05:58,780 until they reach my street. 177 177 00:05:58,780 --> 00:06:00,730 And then, they're going to locate my office 178 178 00:06:00,730 --> 00:06:03,030 by using the number located on our building. 179 179 00:06:03,030 --> 00:06:06,790 In our example, 123, which was located on Main Street. 180 180 00:06:06,790 --> 00:06:08,980 Now this is a ton of movement and routing, 181 181 00:06:08,980 --> 00:06:10,720 and forwarding of this piece of mail 182 182 00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:13,410 to get it from Beverly Hills, California, 90210, 183 183 00:06:13,410 --> 00:06:16,110 to San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00918. 184 184 00:06:16,110 --> 00:06:18,140 And this all happens in about a week, 185 185 00:06:18,140 --> 00:06:20,510 and all for the cost of a first-class stamp 186 186 00:06:20,510 --> 00:06:22,040 at around 60 cents. 187 187 00:06:22,040 --> 00:06:24,140 Now that sounds like a pretty good deal to me, right? 188 188 00:06:24,140 --> 00:06:24,990 Unless you're the mail carriers, 189 189 00:06:24,990 --> 00:06:26,600 you have to make this all happen. 190 190 00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:29,450 Now let's jump back to our networks and our computers. 191 191 00:06:29,450 --> 00:06:31,500 The same type of thing happens with our data, 192 192 00:06:31,500 --> 00:06:33,730 but we don't have to put a first-class stamp on it. 193 193 00:06:33,730 --> 00:06:35,760 Instead, we're going to make sure it gets routed 194 194 00:06:35,760 --> 00:06:37,390 until it finds the right location. 195 195 00:06:37,390 --> 00:06:39,100 And that location is determined 196 196 00:06:39,100 --> 00:06:42,230 by the IP address of the source and destination. 197 197 00:06:42,230 --> 00:06:44,270 So if you want to communicate with other computers 198 198 00:06:44,270 --> 00:06:46,000 outside your network or sub-net, 199 199 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:47,770 you need to know their IP address. 200 200 00:06:47,770 --> 00:06:49,960 That becomes the destination. 201 201 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:52,590 An IP address can come in one of two formats. 202 202 00:06:52,590 --> 00:06:56,260 IP addresses can either be IPv4 or IPv6. 203 203 00:06:56,260 --> 00:06:58,390 This stands for Internet Protocol version 4 204 204 00:06:58,390 --> 00:07:00,640 or Internet Protocol version 6. 205 205 00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:01,940 In this section of the course, 206 206 00:07:01,940 --> 00:07:03,650 we're going to discuss both of these formats 207 207 00:07:03,650 --> 00:07:05,430 and why each one is used, 208 208 00:07:05,430 --> 00:07:07,250 and how information is going to flow 209 209 00:07:07,250 --> 00:07:08,870 at Layer 3 of the OSI model, 210 210 00:07:08,870 --> 00:07:11,820 using these two different types of IP addresses. 211 211 00:07:11,820 --> 00:07:12,760 Now we're going to be working 212 212 00:07:12,760 --> 00:07:14,900 in domain one, Networking Fundamentals, 213 213 00:07:14,900 --> 00:07:16,960 throughout this entire section of the course. 214 214 00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:19,420 We're going to be covering two objectives in this section, 215 215 00:07:19,420 --> 00:07:21,170 specifically Objective 1.4 and 1.6. 216 216 00:07:22,950 --> 00:07:25,020 Now, Objective 1.4 is where we're going to spend 217 217 00:07:25,020 --> 00:07:26,240 most of our time. 218 218 00:07:26,240 --> 00:07:28,010 It states that given a scenario, 219 219 00:07:28,010 --> 00:07:29,890 you must be able to configure a sub-net 220 220 00:07:29,890 --> 00:07:32,370 and use appropriate IP addressing schemes. 221 221 00:07:32,370 --> 00:07:35,080 Objective 1.6 will also be briefly covered 222 222 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:37,160 because it states you must be able to explain the use 223 223 00:07:37,160 --> 00:07:39,240 and purpose of network services. 224 224 00:07:39,240 --> 00:07:41,240 So let's jump into IP addressing 225 225 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:42,740 in this section of the course.