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In this lesson,

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we're going to cover surveillance systems.

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Now, a surveillance system can play an integral role

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in maintaining the security and safety

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of various facilities, including your business,

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your home and commonly used public areas.

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These systems encompass a wide range of tools

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and methods that are aimed at monitoring and analyzing

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environments to detect and respond to potential threats.

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From traditional security guards to high-tech sensors,

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the tools under this umbrella serve a common purpose.

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They're trying to keep an eye out

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for suspicious or harmful activities.

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Now, at its core, a surveillance system

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is an organized strategy or setup

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that's designed to observe and report activities

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in a given area.

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These surveillance systems can be as simple

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as a single security guard stationed

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at the front desk of your office building,

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or they could be as sophisticated

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as a network of interconnected sensors and cameras

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that are constantly being analyzed

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by advanced artificial intelligence systems.

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Surveillance is often comprised of four main categories.

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We call these video surveillance, security guards,

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lighting and sensors.

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Let's take a quick look at each of these.

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First, we have video surveillance.

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Now, when I bring up the topic of surveillance,

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most people immediately think of the use of video cameras

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to visually monitor different areas of your facility.

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Modern video surveillance systems have evolved

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beyond the simple passive recording capabilities though

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and these days video surveillance systems

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can include features like motion detection,

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night vision, facial recognition and remote access

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through your smartphone or computer.

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The primary benefit of using a video surveillance system

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is that it has the ability to provide

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real-time visual feedback

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and the capability for you to also review

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the recorded footage after an incident has occurred.

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These surveillance cameras are considered

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to be a detective control

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and they come in both wired and wireless versions.

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A wired solution means that the security camera

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is physically cabled from the device

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all the way back to the central monitoring station.

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A wireless solution, on the other hand,

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relies on wifi or other wireless signals

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to send a signal back to that central monitoring station.

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While wireless systems are easier to install

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they can be subject to interference with other systems

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or an attacker can jam them using the same frequencies

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during their physical intrusion attacks.

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Now, these video surveillance systems are commonly known

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as closed circuit TV or CCTV,

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and they're also categorized as

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either an indoor or outdoor based system.

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If you're trying to monitor your parking lot, for example,

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you're going to install an outdoor camera

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that's able to withstand the elements

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like snow and rain and wind.

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If you're going to monitor your indoor areas,

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like the access doors to your server room

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or the entrance to your lobby,

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you can instead use an indoor camera

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which is a less expensive model than an outdoor model,

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since it doesn't have to be withstanding all those elements.

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Now, another great feature to look for in your CCTV systems

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is what's known as PTZ or Pan-Tilt-Zoom.

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Now, a Pan-Tilt-Zoom system or PTZ system

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is really great if you have a centralized monitoring station

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that's being operated by a guard

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who's going to be observing it at all times of the day or night

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because they can actually move the camera

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or adjust its angle to better detect issues

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during an intrusion.

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You've probably seen this type of security camera in movies

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during a bank heist scene,

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and that's where the guard is using a little joystick

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to move the camera in or out, or up or down,

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in any direction to get a different perspective.

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In addition to that, you might be able to pan left,

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pan right, pan up, pan down,

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zoom in, zoom out, and other things like that.

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Now, when you're placing your cameras

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it's important to consider what you're trying to guard.

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Ensure that your cameras are positioned

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to capture the right viewing angles.

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The most common places to use cameras

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are always going to be your entrances

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and exits to your critical infrastructure.

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This includes your data center,

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your communication closets

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and your entrances and exits to the building,

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like your back doors and lobby to that office building.

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By covering all these different areas

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you're going to be able to see if an attacker tries

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to enter or leave any critical areas.

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Now, cameras should also be configured

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to record what you're observing,

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and you should always review the captured footage

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to ensure you're able to maintain

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the physical integrity of your spaces.

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For example, at my home,

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I have a video surveillance system set up

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that uses machine learning to identify

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when somebody is entering or leaving the home,

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and it can determine if that person was authorized

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or not to be able to go in that home.

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If they weren't authorized to be there,

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the system will actually send me an alert

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and I can classify it as an intrusion or an authorized entry

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into the building by reviewing that footage.

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Second, we have security guards.

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Now, security guards are one of the most flexible

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and adaptable forms of surveillance

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that organizations can use.

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This is because security guards

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are trained to detect unusual or suspicious behavior

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and they can also respond immediately to situations,

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make judgment calls

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and provide a visual deterrent to potential attackers.

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Security guards can also help to reassure your staff

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or your customers that they're going to be safe

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because a security guard is in the building.

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Third, we have lighting.

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Now, many organizations overlook

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the configuration of their lighting,

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but proper lighting is crucial

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for conducting effective surveillance

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using both video and security guards.

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If you create well-lit areas,

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this can also deter criminals

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and reducing shadows and hiding spots

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and enhancing the quality of your video recordings

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is all side benefits of having a well-lit area.

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Additionally, certain lighting solutions

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like motion activated lights can serve dual purposes,

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by illuminating an area when movement is detected

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and serving as a deterrent and alert system

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against a would-be attacker.

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Fourth, and finally, we have sensors.

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Now, sensors are devices that detect and respond

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to external stimulus or changes in the environment,

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and then converts that information into a readable signal

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or some kind of data that can be sent over the network.

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There are generally four categories of sensors.

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These are infrared sensors, pressure sensors,

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microwave sensors, and ultrasonic sensors.

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Now, infrared sensors are used to detect changes

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in infrared radiation that's often emitted

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by warm bodies like humans or animals.

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If somebody enters the detection zone,

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the change in infrared radiation

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is going to trigger the sensor.

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Infrared sensors are especially effective in low light

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or dark conditions where it's hard to visually see

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if an attacker is there.

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Next we have pressure sensors,

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and pressure sensors are activated

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whenever a specified amount of weight

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is detected on the sensor

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that's embedded into the floor or into a mat.

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These pressure sensors are quite useful

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for detecting unauthorized entry into restricted areas

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or even for simple tasks like alerting store owners

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when a new customer enters the store.

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Microwave sensors are going to be used

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to detect movement in an area by emitting microwave pulses

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and measuring the reflection of moving objects back to them.

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These microwave sensors can cover large areas

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but sometimes they're going to be prone to false alarms

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because they're often configured

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to have a very high sensitivity level.

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And finally, ultrasonic sensors.

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Ultrasonic sensors are going to be used to measure

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the reflection of ultrasonic waves off moving objects.

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Essentially, ultrasonic sensors operate much like a bat does

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using echo location to detect objects in their path.

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Most of the time you're going to see that ultrasonic sensors

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are used in automated systems like automated doors

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or to detect movement within an indoor environment.

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So remember, surveillance systems often combine

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various tools and techniques to monitor,

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detect and respond to potential threats

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or unusual activities.

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To architect an effective

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physical security system though

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you need to ensure that you're integrating

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various elements to provide comprehensive coverage

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and a swift response capability

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when an attacker is detected.

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As technology continues to advance,

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so do the surveillance methods available

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to our organizations for use,

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which makes it imperative that cybersecurity professionals

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and organizations remain up to date on the options available

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so they can best leverage the right tool

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for their specific use cases.