1
00:00:00,360 --> 00:00:02,100
Embedded systems.

2
00:00:02,100 --> 00:00:04,920
An embedded system is a specialized computing component

3
00:00:04,920 --> 00:00:07,290
designed to perform dedicated functions

4
00:00:07,290 --> 00:00:10,410
within a larger mechanical or electrical structure.

5
00:00:10,410 --> 00:00:13,200
It seamlessly integrates into the overall device

6
00:00:13,200 --> 00:00:16,500
often incorporating both hardware and mechanical elements.

7
00:00:16,500 --> 00:00:19,200
These systems are essential, powering a myriad

8
00:00:19,200 --> 00:00:21,240
of devices we encounter daily.

9
00:00:21,240 --> 00:00:23,580
For instance, everyday consumer electronics

10
00:00:23,580 --> 00:00:26,790
such as smartphones, digital cameras, washing machines

11
00:00:26,790 --> 00:00:29,280
and microwaves utilize embedded systems

12
00:00:29,280 --> 00:00:31,110
to manage their operations.

13
00:00:31,110 --> 00:00:34,410
In the realm of automotive technology, modern vehicles rely

14
00:00:34,410 --> 00:00:37,260
on embedded systems to oversee critical functions

15
00:00:37,260 --> 00:00:39,930
like engine control, anti-lock breaking systems

16
00:00:39,930 --> 00:00:41,790
and airbag deployment.

17
00:00:41,790 --> 00:00:43,530
The healthcare sector also benefits

18
00:00:43,530 --> 00:00:44,940
from embedded systems.

19
00:00:44,940 --> 00:00:46,710
Life-saving medical devices

20
00:00:46,710 --> 00:00:49,200
including pacemakers, insulin pumps

21
00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:51,840
and imaging systems employ these systems

22
00:00:51,840 --> 00:00:54,570
to deliver essential health services.

23
00:00:54,570 --> 00:00:56,850
Furthermore in industrial settings

24
00:00:56,850 --> 00:00:59,220
embedded systems play a pivotal role,

25
00:00:59,220 --> 00:01:03,270
in automation, process control, and robotics.

26
00:01:03,270 --> 00:01:05,220
In order to fully understand the concept

27
00:01:05,220 --> 00:01:06,540
of an embedded system,

28
00:01:06,540 --> 00:01:09,990
you need to understand what a real-time operating system is.

29
00:01:09,990 --> 00:01:13,020
A real-time operating system is an operating system designed

30
00:01:13,020 --> 00:01:15,630
for real-time applications that process data

31
00:01:15,630 --> 00:01:19,530
as it comes in, typically without buffer delays.

32
00:01:19,530 --> 00:01:21,270
A real-time operating system ensures

33
00:01:21,270 --> 00:01:22,770
that processes are executed

34
00:01:22,770 --> 00:01:24,990
in a timely and predictable manner

35
00:01:24,990 --> 00:01:27,540
which is crucial for time-sensitive applications

36
00:01:27,540 --> 00:01:30,210
like flight navigation systems, medical equipment

37
00:01:30,210 --> 00:01:32,730
and data transfer systems.

38
00:01:32,730 --> 00:01:35,340
Embedded systems like any other technology are not immune

39
00:01:35,340 --> 00:01:37,500
to risks or vulnerabilities.

40
00:01:37,500 --> 00:01:40,140
These include hardware failure, software bugs,

41
00:01:40,140 --> 00:01:43,350
security vulnerabilities, and outdated systems.

42
00:01:43,350 --> 00:01:45,390
First, hardware failure.

43
00:01:45,390 --> 00:01:48,540
Since embedded systems often operate in harsh environments

44
00:01:48,540 --> 00:01:51,000
they are prone to hardware failures.

45
00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:52,680
Second, software bugs.

46
00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:55,530
Software bugs can cause system malfunctions leading

47
00:01:55,530 --> 00:01:57,480
to potential safety risks.

48
00:01:57,480 --> 00:01:59,580
Third, security vulnerabilities.

49
00:01:59,580 --> 00:02:02,370
Embedded systems can be a target for cyber attacks.

50
00:02:02,370 --> 00:02:04,050
Attackers can exploit vulnerabilities

51
00:02:04,050 --> 00:02:07,920
to gain unauthorized access or disrupt system operation.

52
00:02:07,920 --> 00:02:10,050
Finally, outdated systems.

53
00:02:10,050 --> 00:02:12,690
Many embedded systems have long operational lives

54
00:02:12,690 --> 00:02:14,370
which can lead to outdated software

55
00:02:14,370 --> 00:02:17,163
and hardware that are more vulnerable to attacks.

56
00:02:18,120 --> 00:02:20,700
Securing embedded systems is a complex task

57
00:02:20,700 --> 00:02:22,920
that requires a multi-layered approach.

58
00:02:22,920 --> 00:02:25,440
Here we're discussing four key strategies.

59
00:02:25,440 --> 00:02:28,920
Network segmentation, wrappers, firmware code control

60
00:02:28,920 --> 00:02:31,050
and the challenges of patching.

61
00:02:31,050 --> 00:02:33,240
First thing, network segmentation.

62
00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:35,460
Network segmentation is a security measure

63
00:02:35,460 --> 00:02:36,960
that involves dividing a network

64
00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:39,030
into multiple segments or subnets.

65
00:02:39,030 --> 00:02:42,210
Each segment operates as a separate entity

66
00:02:42,210 --> 00:02:44,370
with its own rules and policies.

67
00:02:44,370 --> 00:02:46,530
This approach limits the potential damage

68
00:02:46,530 --> 00:02:48,480
in case of a security breach.

69
00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:51,360
As an attacker, gaining access to one segment does not

70
00:02:51,360 --> 00:02:53,700
automatically have access to others.

71
00:02:53,700 --> 00:02:56,370
Network segmentation can prevent a compromised device

72
00:02:56,370 --> 00:02:58,173
from affecting the entire network.

73
00:02:59,190 --> 00:03:01,830
The second thing we need to talk about are wrappers.

74
00:03:01,830 --> 00:03:04,290
To enhance the security of data being transferred

75
00:03:04,290 --> 00:03:06,630
in embedded systems, we can use protective measures

76
00:03:06,630 --> 00:03:09,180
like wrappers, for example, IPsec.

77
00:03:09,180 --> 00:03:12,330
These wrappers make it so that anyone trying to intercept

78
00:03:12,330 --> 00:03:15,780
or tamper with the data can only see the IPsec header

79
00:03:15,780 --> 00:03:18,900
which only shows the points where the data center enters

80
00:03:18,900 --> 00:03:20,460
and exits the network.

81
00:03:20,460 --> 00:03:23,610
This method is particularly useful when data needs to travel

82
00:03:23,610 --> 00:03:26,700
between secure networks via an unsecure network

83
00:03:26,700 --> 00:03:29,200
or between trusted points within the same network.

84
00:03:30,270 --> 00:03:33,690
Third thing we need to talk about is firmware code control.

85
00:03:33,690 --> 00:03:35,760
Firmware code control involves managing

86
00:03:35,760 --> 00:03:38,910
and controlling software that provides low level control

87
00:03:38,910 --> 00:03:41,280
for the devices specific hardware.

88
00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:43,560
It is crucial for maintaining the integrity

89
00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:44,940
of an embedded system.

90
00:03:44,940 --> 00:03:46,500
This control can be achieved

91
00:03:46,500 --> 00:03:49,590
through secure coding practices, code reviews

92
00:03:49,590 --> 00:03:51,270
and automated testing.

93
00:03:51,270 --> 00:03:54,330
Additionally, measures like secure boot mechanisms,

94
00:03:54,330 --> 00:03:57,390
cryptographic signatures can ensure that only authorized

95
00:03:57,390 --> 00:04:00,030
and verified firmware runs on a device.

96
00:04:00,030 --> 00:04:02,340
Finally, the inability to patch.

97
00:04:02,340 --> 00:04:04,140
One of the significant challenges

98
00:04:04,140 --> 00:04:06,600
in securing embedded systems is the difficulty

99
00:04:06,600 --> 00:04:08,130
in applying patches.

100
00:04:08,130 --> 00:04:09,630
Many embedded systems operate

101
00:04:09,630 --> 00:04:12,120
in environments where downtime is not acceptable

102
00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:14,370
or they may be physically hard to reach.

103
00:04:14,370 --> 00:04:17,130
Furthermore, some systems may have not been designed

104
00:04:17,130 --> 00:04:18,540
with updating in mind

105
00:04:18,540 --> 00:04:22,110
lacking the necessary mechanisms for easy patch deployment.

106
00:04:22,110 --> 00:04:25,500
To overcome this, organizations can implement strategies,

107
00:04:25,500 --> 00:04:28,290
over-the-air updates where patches are delivered

108
00:04:28,290 --> 00:04:29,850
and installed remotely.

109
00:04:29,850 --> 00:04:32,880
However, this approach requires careful planning

110
00:04:32,880 --> 00:04:35,940
and robust security measures to prevent the introduction

111
00:04:35,940 --> 00:04:39,000
of new vulnerabilities during the update process.

112
00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:43,200
So remember, embedded systems and RTOS are important parts

113
00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:44,310
of our daily lives

114
00:04:44,310 --> 00:04:46,800
powering numerous devices and applications.

115
00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:48,480
While they bring immense benefits

116
00:04:48,480 --> 00:04:51,060
they also come with risks and vulnerabilities.

117
00:04:51,060 --> 00:04:53,730
It's crucial to understand these potential issues

118
00:04:53,730 --> 00:04:56,190
and implement robust security measures

119
00:04:56,190 --> 00:04:57,720
to protect these systems.

120
00:04:57,720 --> 00:05:00,720
By doing so, we can continue to leverage the power

121
00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:04,473
of these technologies while minimizing potential risks.