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- On lesson 14.3,

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we're gonna continue
talking about wireless,

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but this time from a
wireless design perspective.

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Now, wireless network design takes

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into consideration geographic location,

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radio frequency, that's
the RF signal strength,

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building and site construction,
what it's made of,

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the number of users, the type
of use, and equipment options.

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Now, a pre-planned wireless
design is really necessary,

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really crucial for creating
a robust, reliable,

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and secure wireless networks

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that enable connectivity,
mobility, productivity,

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and enhanced user experience.

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You know, it wasn't
all that many years ago

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where corporate organizations
really frowned on wireless,

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that they didn't wanna have wireless,

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they didn't feel like
it was secure, you know,

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maybe they instituted
wireless in the break room

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or maybe we had a segmented
wireless network for visitors.

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But now wireless is really ubiquitous

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and our users expect when they connect

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to a wireless network,
it is going to work,

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you know, hands down, no questions asked.

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So let's talk about
how we make that happen

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with a good network design.

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A starting place is doing
a wireless site survey.

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A wireless site survey
allows network engineers

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to proactively identify areas

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of radio frequency coverage
and the equipment necessary

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to deliver the required
signal at a given location.

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Now, the objective of doing
a wireless site survey is

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to avoid common wireless
network design problems

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like dead spots, or coverage holds,

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excessive interference, incorrect type,

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and number of access points,

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and just in general, right,
wasted time and money.

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So here are some site
survey considerations

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when a site survey's being
done: location, use, users,

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device, performance,
building, infrastructure,

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and your security requirements.

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So location is all about
the size and the complexity

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of the physical location,

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at where is the location actually sited?

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Is it near an airport, you know?

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Is it near an industrial setting?

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Where is it?

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And then use is the intended
use to determine the number

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of access points that will be needed.

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Users is the number of anticipated users

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as well as the number

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of devices we can anticipate
each user will have.

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The device is what type of
devices are we gonna have

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and device specific requirements.

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Are we gonna have laptops?

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Are we gonna have tablets?

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Are we gonna have smartphones?

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Performance is our speed
and performance expectation.

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The building is the age and
the construction materials

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and what impact that will
have on signal strength.

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The infrastructures.

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What do we have for space
and equipment availability?

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So for example,

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do we have ethernet ports to
connect our access points to?

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Do we have wiring closets?

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Do we have conduits

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that we could run wires
to our access points?

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And then of course, our
security requirements.

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So what are our specific
security considerations

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and requirements?

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These are all things we're gonna talk

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about during a site survey.

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Now, a predictive site
survey uses software

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to model the environment.

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And typically what happens
in a predictive site survey

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is building floor plans are just loaded

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into this really cool,
predictive site survey software

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to develop a wireless network design.

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Now, the predictive software
will just take a lot

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of things into account, right?

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They'll account for building
materials, square footage,

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number of end users, type of materials,

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the antenna models you're gonna use

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on your access points, and other variables

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to provide a really reliable
predictive wireless plan

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for your site or your facility.

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So we keep mentioning access points,

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so let's talk a little
bit more about them.

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An access point, a wireless access point,

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sometimes called a WAP,
sometimes called an AP,

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acts as a central transmitter

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and receiver of wireless signals.

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Now, an access point can bridge wired

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and wireless IP traffic.

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So we call it a bridge, because we know

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that a bridge is what
connects two dissimilar media,

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and wired and wireless
is dissimilar media.

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And there's a couple

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of different antennas that we
might put on our access point.

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An omnidirectional antenna
radiates transmissions out

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and receives transmissions
in from all directions.

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So 360 degrees.

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Now that's generally
used inside a building.

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A directional antenna is
used to focus a signal

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in a specific direction,

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and that's generally used
to connect buildings.

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And then we can run in a Wi-Fi heat map,

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which is a visual representation

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of wireless signals'
coverage and strength.

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There's some really
awesome programs out there

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that you can use to create
these wireless heat maps

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once your access points are all in place.

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So what's a heat map gonna show you?

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Signal strength, signal to noise ratio,

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channel overlap, capacity, what
you have, our access points,

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associated access points, and a data rate.

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So signal strength being
the signal strength

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of the access points.

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The signal to noise ratio being the ratio

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of signal strength relative to noise,

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general noise in the environment.

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A channel overlap is the number

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of access points that overlap

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on a single channel in a given area,

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we may not wanna have that overlap.

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Capacity determines

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if the network meets the
capacity requirements.

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Access points is the number
of audible access points,

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ones that are actually
broadcasting out there

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that we can hear and see.

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The associated AP, so it predicts,

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which clients are gonna associate
with which access points.

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And the data rate.

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It can predict potential
client access point data rates.

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So how do we know that a wireless
access point is out there

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and available to connect to?

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Well, a wireless access point is going

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to have what's known as an SSID.

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A set service identifier,

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which is a code that identifies
that wireless access point

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and all wireless devices
that wanna communicate

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on a network must have their SSID set

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to the same value as the
wireless access point SSID

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to establish connectivity.

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Now, by default,

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the access point broadcasts
its SSID every few seconds.

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Now that's good, because
our devices can discover it

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but it can be bad, because our attackers

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or our adversaries can also discover it.

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So that broadcast can be stopped,

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so that an attacker can't
automatically discover the SSID.

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However, because the SSID is included

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in the beacon of every wireless
frame, it is fairly easy

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for a hacker equipped
with sniffing equipment

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to discover the value and to
fraudulently join the network

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even though the SSID
had not been broadcast.

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So how do our adversaries
discover our Wi-Fi networks?

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Well, they could do
warstorming, using a drone

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and Wi-Fi equipped device
to detect Wi-Fi network.

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Wardriving using a moving
vehicle and Wi-Fi equipped device

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to detect Wi-Fi networks.

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Warwalking, which is walking around

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with Wi-Fi equipped device
to detect Wi-Fi networks.

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And then sometimes what happens is,

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folks will say, "Okay, we found a network.

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I'm gonna let everybody
else know it's available."

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And that's what Warchalking is.

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Warchalking is the drawing of symbols

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in public places to
advertise a Wi-Fi network.

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Now, that could be a Wi-Fi network

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that was generously left open

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or one that is inadvertently left open,

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but there's been very specific symbols.

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And if you see a chalk on a sidewalk

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or on the side of a
building that's a drawing,

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it's denoted by two
half moons back to back,

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you're being told right there.

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There's an open wireless
network that you can connect to.

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So it may not be an
adversarial thing per se,

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but if you're connecting to their network,

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well, maybe you get
access into their network.

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And at very least, right?

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You are using up bandwidth
that doesn't belong to you.

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So we wanna make sure

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that we do everything we can
to secure our Wi-Fi networks.

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So let's look

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at some Wi-Fi network security
hardening best practices.

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Well, we've said this before,

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well, I'm sure I'll say it again, right?

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We wanna change the default
login credentials, right?

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The username and password for
your wireless access points,

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for your routers, and for all
your other network devices.

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And I know at this point
you must be saying, "Really,

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doesn't everybody just do it?"

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But the answer is no.

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There's so many devices
out there right now

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with the default credentials,

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and those default credentials
are easily accessible, right?

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We just have to go out to the web

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and do a little search for them.

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We wanna have strong
authentication and encryption.

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So we wanna implement the
latest Wi-Fi protocols.

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Again, go to WPA3

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and you will be at the
latest and greatest.

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You should be disabling remote management.

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You wanna disable any remote
management capabilities

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on a wireless router or access point

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unless absolutely necessary.

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Again, we're trying to make the footprint

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as small as possible.

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We enable segmentation.

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So we wanna segment our wireless network

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into a virtual LAN or a VLAN.

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We wanna disable the SSID broadcast.

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Now, disabling the broadcast
of the network's SSID

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makes a network less visible
to unauthorized users.

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Now, a dedicated hacker
will still find it,

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so we need to know that.

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So it's not a panacea.

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It also is a little bit more difficult now

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for regular users to find our network.

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So there's more work involved

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in letting them know how to connect,

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but right, it does make
the network less visible

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to unauthorized users.

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We can do MAC address filtering.

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So if we know exactly what
devices are gonna be connecting,

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we can use MAC address filtering

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to allow only authorized devices

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to connect to the wireless network.

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Remember, every network interface
has a unique MAC address.

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And lastly, and again,
I've said this a lot

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but I'm gonna keep saying it,

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we wanna do regular firmware updates.

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We wanna keep our wireless network devices

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including routers and
access points up-to-date

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with the latest firmware updates.

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All right, that my friends

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brings us to a three second challenge.

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Five challenge questions,
three seconds each.

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Let's do it.

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Using software to model a Wi-Fi network.

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What's that called?

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1, 2, 3.

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That's gonna be a predictive site survey.

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Number two, visual representation

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of wireless signal coverage and strength.

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1, 2, 3.

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That's gonna be a heat map.

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Number three, the transmitter

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and receiver of wireless signals.

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1, 2, 3.

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That's a wireless access point
called a WAP or just an AP.

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Number four, a code that
indicates membership

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with an access point.

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1, 2, 3.

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That's gonna be an SSID, right?

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You become a member of that group.

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And lastly, number five, using a drone

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and Wi-Fi equipped device
to detect Wi-Fi networks.

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What's that called?

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1, 2, 3.

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And that is warstorming.

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Okay, well, that brings us

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to a security-in-action about warchalking.

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You notice a chalk drawing

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on the sidewalk outside of your network.

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That's what it looks like.

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It says SSID, whatever the
SSID is and maybe bandwidth.

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And you see these two open
circles or half moons.

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So what does it mean, right?

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Is it just kind of a cool
drawing or does it have meaning?

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So I wanna know from you,

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what does it mean and should
you do anything about it?

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Go ahead and put me on pause

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while you think about the meaning.

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Well, the drawing indicates,

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there's an open wireless
network broadcasting its SSID.

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So the first question you
should be asking yourself is,

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is this my network, right?

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Is this your network?

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And if it isn't your network,
well then the question is,

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should we tell others that
their network is wide open?

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You wanna consult

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00:12:32,153 --> 00:12:35,670
with management regarding
approaching another organization

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00:12:35,670 --> 00:12:39,363
with recommendations to
secure that wireless network.

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Now, if it is your network, right?

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The question is, do you
intend for it to be open?

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Maybe you do.

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00:12:45,353 --> 00:12:47,760
Maybe you want it wide
open for your customers.

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00:12:47,760 --> 00:12:49,290
If yes, be sure

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to use strong remote
access protocols, right?

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You don't wanna let other
people be able to come in

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and remotely manage any of
the APs on this network.

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And if not, well,

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one, you should disable the SSID broadcast

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00:13:02,100 --> 00:13:03,690
and you should change the name,

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because now a lot of people
know about that name.

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00:13:07,410 --> 00:13:08,880
And then you wanna determine,

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00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:11,460
how secure the wireless
network needs to be

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00:13:11,460 --> 00:13:14,400
and implement appropriate
controls, encryption,

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00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:19,400
MAC filtering, antenna
placement, and signal strength.

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00:13:19,470 --> 00:13:21,480
A lot to do just from one little drawing,

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00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:23,520
but is it your network or somebody else's?

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00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:25,350
If it's yours, you've
got a whole task list.

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00:13:25,350 --> 00:13:27,030
If it's somebody else's, well,

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00:13:27,030 --> 00:13:29,100
you have to decide how
you're gonna approach them

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00:13:29,100 --> 00:13:30,810
and talk to them about it.

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00:13:30,810 --> 00:13:33,243
Doing that, definitely security-in-action.

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00:13:34,380 --> 00:13:36,630
There's your word cloud,
quite a bit, again.

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00:13:36,630 --> 00:13:38,970
We've just done two lessons on wireless.

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00:13:38,970 --> 00:13:41,130
Make sure you're really
comfortable and confident

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00:13:41,130 --> 00:13:43,980
with all of these
concepts before moving on.

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00:13:43,980 --> 00:13:45,360
If not, go back to this lesson

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00:13:45,360 --> 00:13:47,040
and the previous lesson if you need to.

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00:13:47,040 --> 00:13:49,800
And when you're ready, head
on over to the next lesson,

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00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:51,480
where for the next two lessons actually,

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00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:53,580
we're gonna be talking
about mobile computing

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00:13:53,580 --> 00:13:54,930
and mobile connectivity.

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00:13:54,930 --> 00:13:55,763
See you there.