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- In lesson 14.4, we're gonna talk

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about mobile connectivity.

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And in 14.5 we're gonna
continue the discussion

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about mobile.

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So mobile connectivity is
used to facilitate portable

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or mobile device communication.

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Now a mobile device is
actually a pretty generic term

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for any legacy or emerging
device that's portable

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and has interactive and
connectivity capability.

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So that could be a laptop,
a tablet, a smartphone,

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an e-reader, a gaming
console, or a wearable.

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And the communication networks

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that connect these devices

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are very loosely termed
wireless technologies.

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But what they have in common is

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that they enable mobile
devices to share voice

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and data and applications
referred to as mobile apps,

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as well as connect to trusted
and untrusted networks.

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So let's look

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at all the ways our mobile
devices could connect.

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Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular,
RFID, NFC, and WUSB.

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Wi-Fi is a radio frequency
contained network.

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Bluetooth is a shortwave network.

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Cellular is a radio frequency
distributed network.

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RFID is radio frequency identification.

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NFC stands for near field
communication network,

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you're most familiar
with that from tap and go

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with your credit or debit card.

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And a WUSB Bus is a wireless USB bus.

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So let's dive a little deeper

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into each of these connection methods.

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Wi-Fi, which really stands
for wireless fidelity, right,

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is a radio frequency network
that requires a connection

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to be established.

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Now most mobile devices allow
for an automatic switching

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between Wi-Fi and cellular networks,

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depending on availability
and user preference.

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Now the Wi-Fi range depends
upon the frequency band,

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the radio power, output, the antenna gain,

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and the antenna type as well
as the modulation technique.

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And we saw when we did the
lesson on wireless, right,

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everything from plain old
802.11, all the way down

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to 802.11n, just how
different the frequency

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and the range and the speed can be.

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Bluetooth is a short wave
radio low power technology.

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It's based on the 802.15 standard.

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Now you and I use Bluetooth
all the time, right?

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So why was it designed?

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Well, it was originally designed
to replace RS-232 cables.

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Now the range is from 10 to 24 meters,

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so depending upon the version.

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And Bluetooth uses include
things like our headsets,

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our hearing aids,

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our wireless speakers, PC input
and output, health centers,

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real-time location systems,

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GPS receivers, barcodes,
traffic control devices,

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and game consoles, just
to name a minuscule amount

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of things that we really
use Bluetooth for.

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Now Bluetooth is subject

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to two attacks you wanna be aware of,

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Bluejacking and Bluesnarfing.

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We talked about these
a little bit earlier.

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Bluejacking is injecting
an unsolicited message.

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And Bluesnarfing is the
unauthorized device access

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through a Bluetooth discovery connection.

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Now a cellular network

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is a radio frequency distributed network

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that defines geographic areas into cells,

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hence we get the name cellular.

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The cells are serviced

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by a fixed location
transceiver that's referred

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to as a base station.

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Now 4G uses packet switching technology

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which organizes data into parts
or packets for transmission

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and then reassembles the
information at the destination.

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5G, which is becoming now more common,

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uses an aggregated frequency
band to unlock bandwidth,

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to reduce latency, to expand
reach, and to increase speed.

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They say that 5G is up to
20 times faster than 4G.

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The 5G networks are designed

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to support the necessary
infrastructure that we need

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to connect and manage a
whole wide range of IOT,

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Internet of Things, and IIOT,
Industrial Internet of Things,

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devices, as well as industrial automation

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and a connected infrastructure.

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So let's talk through some G history.

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So 1G was just analog cellular.

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It really wasn't until 2G came out

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that we had our first
generation truly of digital.

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We had GSM, CDMA, and TDMA.

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And 3G was the next generation.

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We went from 200kbp to
megabits per second.

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And then we had 4G

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and that's our third generation
up to a gigabit speed level.

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And this is where LTE
and Wi-Fi MAX came in.

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And now here we are at 5G,

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bigger channels to speed up data,

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lower latency to be more responsive,

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and the ability to connect
a lot more devices at once

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for sensors and smart devices.

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Now I do wanna stress
that all these generations

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use radio signals over a
range of frequency bands

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to transmit and receive voice and data

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by communicating with base stations.

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A base station is a
stationary radio transmitter

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with antennas that are mounted
on mass or on buildings.

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Next we have RFID, that's
radio frequency identification.

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Now RFID is a method

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of data collection using
low power radio waves.

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The data is sent and received
with a system consisting

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of an RFID tag, just a small
little tag, an antenna,

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an RFID reader, and a transceiver.

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Now the readers of device
that has one or more antennas

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that emit radio waves
and receive signals back

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from the RFID tag.

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Readers can be mobile

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so they can be carried by hand

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or they can be mounted
on a post or overhead.

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Reader systems actually can be
mounted into the architecture

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of a cabinet, a room, or
into a whole building.

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Now tags themselves can
be passive or active.

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A passive RFID tags are powered

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by the reader and they
don't have a battery,

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where an active RFID tags
are powered by batteries.

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Now what do we use these tags for?

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Well, the biggest use of
using these tags is going

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to be asset management
and inventory control.

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NFC, near field communications,
is a short range,

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really short range wireless technology

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that requires extreme close
proximity and or device contact.

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Now NFC is actually
rooted in RFID technology.

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The range is less than 20 centimeters.

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And where we're seeing NFC be using a lot

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right now is in commerce.

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So for contactless payment
systems such as Apple Pay,

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or smartphone sharing your
contacts, photos, videos,

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or files, we'll also see it being used

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in identity and access
tokens and in gaming.

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So some security concerns
we have are eavesdropping,

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interception, and theft.

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Now Wireless USB or WUSB
is a wireless extension

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of the universal serial
bus, that's USB, standard.

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And it allows for wireless communication

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between a USB device and a host system.

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Now the range is relatively
small, three to 10 meters.

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We see wireless USB being
used in game controllers,

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printers, scanners, digital
cameras, portable media players,

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hard disk drives, and USB flash drives.

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So that was a pretty
comprehensive survey of all

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of the different types
of wireless connectivity

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that we're currently using.

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So that brings us to a
three second challenge,

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five challenge questions, three
seconds each, let's do it.

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A cellular network

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that uses aggregated frequency bands.

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1, 2, 3,

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that's gonna be 5G.

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Number two, components
include tags and readers.

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1, 2, 3,

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it's gonna be RFID.

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Number three, technology used

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in contactless payment systems.

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1, 2, 3,

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that's gonna be NFC.

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Number four, unauthorized device access

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through a Bluetooth discovery connection,

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what's that called?

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1, 2, 3,

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that's Bluesnarfing.

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And lastly, number five,
a smartwatch is an example

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of this type of mobile device.

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It's called a,

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1, 2, 3,

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wearable.

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Okay, so let's do a Security-in-Action,

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this time about 5G safety.

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Now your company manufactures IOT devices

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and is looking forward to
enhance speed and reduce latency

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that widespread availability and adoption

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of a 5G network would make possible.

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But much to the marketing team's dismay,

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the company's social media
accounts are being bombarded

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with posts about the
dangers of 5G technology.

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So they've come to you and
they said, "What do we do?

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How do we respond?"

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So my question for you is,

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"What advice or facts
are you gonna give them?"

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Just a quick recap.

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Your company makes IOT
devices, you're really excited

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about what 5G networks
are gonna make possible

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but boy oh boy, your social
media is being bombarded

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about the dangers of 5G technology,

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probably 'cause you've been
putting these great posts out

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of, "With 5G, lightning speed,

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this is what our product can do."

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And they don't know what
to say, the marketing team,

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they're just dismayed and flummoxed.

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And they came to you and
said, "How do we respond?"

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So go ahead and put me on pause.

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I want you to kind of
write down what advice

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or facts are you gonna give them?

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Then come on back and we'll
talk through 'em together.

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So here might be your advice, your facts,

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your recommendations.

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5G's been blamed for everything,

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from mind control to the Coronavirus.

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All scientific evidence points to 5G

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in its current form being
non-harmful to humans

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because like its predecessors,
it uses radio signals

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over a range of frequency bands

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to transmit and receive voice and data.

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What's really different is how
they aggregate those bands.

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Now, a really good resource for facts

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and myth busting is an
independent organization

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like the WHO, the World
Health Organization.

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So perhaps you do a little
research, you give them a link,

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this happens to be a
really excellent article

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about the fact that 5G
radiation is not harmful.

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And we suggest to the marketing department

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that in response, right, they
just use science, use facts,

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use links to reputable sources.

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Are there still gonna be people

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who are gonna believe
the conspiracy theories

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no matter what?

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Absolutely, but if your
organization can show

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that they are calm, cool, collected,

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and fact-based, opposed to just flummoxed,

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dealing with all of these controversies,

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you'll come off looking much better

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and doing that well definitely,
security and action.

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All right, there is your word cloud.

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You know what to do, when you're ready,

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I'll see you at the next lesson.