1
00:00:06,510 --> 00:00:08,400
- In this lesson 4.5,

2
00:00:08,400 --> 00:00:11,403
we're gonna focus in on
emerging cryptography.

3
00:00:12,750 --> 00:00:14,310
Now, modern cryptography,

4
00:00:14,310 --> 00:00:17,280
aided by all kinds of advanced technology,

5
00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:21,990
really does continue to
mature and to strengthen.

6
00:00:21,990 --> 00:00:24,450
Emerging cryptographic
applications and trends

7
00:00:24,450 --> 00:00:28,050
include blockchain,
homomorphic encryption,

8
00:00:28,050 --> 00:00:31,470
quantum encryption, and
post quantum cryptography.

9
00:00:31,470 --> 00:00:33,630
Now, quantum encryption and post quantum,

10
00:00:33,630 --> 00:00:35,703
really, are way above my pay grade.

11
00:00:37,470 --> 00:00:38,430
So blockchain

12
00:00:38,430 --> 00:00:42,420
in and of itself isn't
a cryptographic process,

13
00:00:42,420 --> 00:00:44,850
but it depends on cryptography.

14
00:00:44,850 --> 00:00:48,510
Right, it is a distributed,
decentralized public ledger,

15
00:00:48,510 --> 00:00:51,810
and the blocks are linked
using cryptography.

16
00:00:51,810 --> 00:00:54,720
So each block contains
a cryptographic hash

17
00:00:54,720 --> 00:00:59,460
of the previous block, a
timestamp, and transaction data.

18
00:00:59,460 --> 00:01:03,480
Digital signatures are used in
blockchain for authenticity.

19
00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:06,300
And public key, asymmetric
encryption, right,

20
00:01:06,300 --> 00:01:08,250
with two keys, private and public,

21
00:01:08,250 --> 00:01:12,633
serves as a basis for blockchain
wallets and transactions.

22
00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:15,450
Homomorphic encryption allows

23
00:01:15,450 --> 00:01:17,790
for encrypted data to be processed.

24
00:01:17,790 --> 00:01:19,230
When we talked about encryption earlier,

25
00:01:19,230 --> 00:01:22,290
we talked about encryption
for data that was at rest

26
00:01:22,290 --> 00:01:23,850
or data in transmission,

27
00:01:23,850 --> 00:01:26,970
but not data that was
in use or in processed.

28
00:01:26,970 --> 00:01:31,170
Homomorphic encryption
solves that problem for us.

29
00:01:31,170 --> 00:01:32,003
Now,

30
00:01:32,003 --> 00:01:35,400
homomorphic encryption uses
complex mathematical operations

31
00:01:35,400 --> 00:01:37,740
to allow a variety of computations,

32
00:01:37,740 --> 00:01:41,100
also known as operations,
on the encrypted data.

33
00:01:41,100 --> 00:01:44,310
Now, there are three types
of homomorphic encryption

34
00:01:44,310 --> 00:01:45,540
out there right now.

35
00:01:45,540 --> 00:01:49,830
There's PHE, that's partially
homomorphic encryption,

36
00:01:49,830 --> 00:01:51,780
where one operation would be performed

37
00:01:51,780 --> 00:01:55,530
an unlimited number of
times on the ciphertext.

38
00:01:55,530 --> 00:01:59,850
There is somewhat homomorphic
encryption, or SHE, S-H-E,

39
00:01:59,850 --> 00:02:02,160
and that supports limited operations

40
00:02:02,160 --> 00:02:04,110
up to a certain complexity.

41
00:02:04,110 --> 00:02:06,690
But those operations can only be performed

42
00:02:06,690 --> 00:02:08,430
a set number of times.

43
00:02:08,430 --> 00:02:11,610
And then we have fully
homomorphic encryption,

44
00:02:11,610 --> 00:02:13,530
which is really still in development,

45
00:02:13,530 --> 00:02:17,610
which the encrypted data in
its full form would be able

46
00:02:17,610 --> 00:02:19,500
to be processed.

47
00:02:19,500 --> 00:02:21,960
So really an interesting
developments here,

48
00:02:21,960 --> 00:02:24,300
because that means that we could have

49
00:02:24,300 --> 00:02:27,090
that level of confidentiality on data,

50
00:02:27,090 --> 00:02:29,403
even when it is being processed.

51
00:02:31,410 --> 00:02:34,560
The quantum cryptography, also
called quantum encryption,

52
00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:38,970
applies principles of quantum
mechanics to encrypt messages.

53
00:02:38,970 --> 00:02:41,070
The quantum computers are machines

54
00:02:41,070 --> 00:02:43,710
that exploit quantum mechanical phenomena

55
00:02:43,710 --> 00:02:46,650
to solve these mathematical problems

56
00:02:46,650 --> 00:02:49,050
that are difficult and
intractable, really,

57
00:02:49,050 --> 00:02:50,760
for conventional computers.

58
00:02:50,760 --> 00:02:54,540
And it takes advantages of
quantum's multiple states,

59
00:02:54,540 --> 00:02:56,610
coupled with its no change theory,

60
00:02:56,610 --> 00:03:00,540
which means it cannot be
unknowingly interrupted.

61
00:03:00,540 --> 00:03:02,670
Now, performing quantum cryptography

62
00:03:02,670 --> 00:03:05,670
really requires immense computing power,

63
00:03:05,670 --> 00:03:07,650
and if you can't wrap your head around it,

64
00:03:07,650 --> 00:03:09,300
I'm with you on this one, right?

65
00:03:09,300 --> 00:03:13,890
I don't understand a lot about
quantum mechanics at all,

66
00:03:13,890 --> 00:03:16,980
but I understand that
this is an emerging trend,

67
00:03:16,980 --> 00:03:19,653
and this is what we're
going to see in the future.

68
00:03:20,910 --> 00:03:23,280
Now, the goal of post quantum cryptography

69
00:03:23,280 --> 00:03:25,830
is to develop cryptographic
systems that secure

70
00:03:25,830 --> 00:03:28,710
against both quantum
and classical computers,

71
00:03:28,710 --> 00:03:32,190
and can interoperate with
existing communication protocols

72
00:03:32,190 --> 00:03:33,153
and networks.

73
00:03:34,710 --> 00:03:38,103
Now, if large scale quantum
computers are ever built, right,

74
00:03:39,748 --> 00:03:41,820
the wisdom is, right,
they'll be able to break

75
00:03:41,820 --> 00:03:43,740
many of the public key crypto systems

76
00:03:43,740 --> 00:03:44,850
that are currently in use.

77
00:03:44,850 --> 00:03:46,500
And that would be really bad, right?

78
00:03:46,500 --> 00:03:49,290
That would seriously
compromise the confidentiality

79
00:03:49,290 --> 00:03:52,380
and the integrity of
digital communications

80
00:03:52,380 --> 00:03:54,270
on the internet and elsewhere.

81
00:03:54,270 --> 00:03:57,780
So if you wanna read more
about quantum cryptography

82
00:03:57,780 --> 00:03:59,460
and post quantum cryptography,

83
00:03:59,460 --> 00:04:02,370
there is a really good NIST publication.

84
00:04:02,370 --> 00:04:03,450
You can see the link there.

85
00:04:03,450 --> 00:04:05,970
You can go out at csrc.nist.gov.

86
00:04:05,970 --> 00:04:07,410
It's in their projects

87
00:04:07,410 --> 00:04:09,480
post quantum cryptography publication.

88
00:04:09,480 --> 00:04:12,510
So if you find this topic of
interest, go ahead and read it.

89
00:04:12,510 --> 00:04:13,343
You won't need to know

90
00:04:13,343 --> 00:04:15,480
anything that's in there for the exam,

91
00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:18,570
but it really is pretty fascinating stuff.

92
00:04:18,570 --> 00:04:19,403
All right,

93
00:04:19,403 --> 00:04:22,950
that brings us to our next
three second challenge.

94
00:04:22,950 --> 00:04:23,783
You ready?

95
00:04:23,783 --> 00:04:25,260
Five questions, three seconds each.

96
00:04:25,260 --> 00:04:26,560
Let's see how well you do.

97
00:04:27,660 --> 00:04:30,300
A distributed decentralized public ledger

98
00:04:30,300 --> 00:04:32,280
that depends upon cryptography.

99
00:04:32,280 --> 00:04:33,780
That's my little editorial for you.

100
00:04:33,780 --> 00:04:35,463
One, two, three, what do you got?

101
00:04:36,510 --> 00:04:37,960
That's blockchain, good work.

102
00:04:39,120 --> 00:04:41,850
Number two, method of
encryption that allows data

103
00:04:41,850 --> 00:04:45,063
to remain encrypted while
it's being processed.

104
00:04:46,110 --> 00:04:48,120
Remember, I told you there
are three different versions

105
00:04:48,120 --> 00:04:49,890
out there that are being worked on.

106
00:04:49,890 --> 00:04:54,843
One, two, three, that's gonna
be homomorphic encryption.

107
00:04:55,800 --> 00:04:59,160
Question three, encryption
process that evokes

108
00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:00,573
the no change theory.

109
00:05:02,070 --> 00:05:04,623
One, two, three.

110
00:05:05,850 --> 00:05:07,893
It's gonna be quantum encryption.

111
00:05:09,000 --> 00:05:12,810
Number four, the goal is to
develop cryptographic systems

112
00:05:12,810 --> 00:05:15,120
that are secure against both quantum

113
00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:16,893
and classical computers.

114
00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:20,463
One, two, three.

115
00:05:21,750 --> 00:05:24,210
That is post quantum cryptography.

116
00:05:24,210 --> 00:05:29,210
And lastly, number five,
blockchain uses this technique

117
00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:31,653
to prove authenticity.

118
00:05:33,330 --> 00:05:35,973
One, two, three.

119
00:05:37,410 --> 00:05:39,330
Digital signatures.

120
00:05:39,330 --> 00:05:40,920
All right, how'd you do on that?

121
00:05:40,920 --> 00:05:42,660
Mm, it's a little bit of a tough subject.

122
00:05:42,660 --> 00:05:45,870
It's not one that we
used to using every day,

123
00:05:45,870 --> 00:05:48,513
but it is definitely an exam objective.

124
00:05:49,740 --> 00:05:51,990
So let's do a security
in action case study

125
00:05:51,990 --> 00:05:54,210
about emerging technology.

126
00:05:54,210 --> 00:05:55,950
As a data owner, you wanna send data

127
00:05:55,950 --> 00:05:57,960
up to the cloud for processing,

128
00:05:57,960 --> 00:06:01,290
but you don't trust the service
provider with your data.

129
00:06:01,290 --> 00:06:03,420
You're exploring an emerging technology

130
00:06:03,420 --> 00:06:05,310
that would allow you
to send encrypted data

131
00:06:05,310 --> 00:06:06,780
to the service provider.

132
00:06:06,780 --> 00:06:10,080
The service provider would
perform the relevant computations

133
00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:12,960
on the data without ever decrypting it,

134
00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:16,230
and then send the encrypted
results back to you.

135
00:06:16,230 --> 00:06:19,590
You would be the only one who
could decrypt the results,

136
00:06:19,590 --> 00:06:22,830
since you alone have the secret key.

137
00:06:22,830 --> 00:06:24,690
What cryptographic processes

138
00:06:24,690 --> 00:06:27,570
are necessary to meet these objectives?

139
00:06:27,570 --> 00:06:30,600
And this is an emerging technology, right?

140
00:06:30,600 --> 00:06:33,420
One that we're really
looking for in the future.

141
00:06:33,420 --> 00:06:34,470
What would be the process?

142
00:06:34,470 --> 00:06:36,150
Go ahead and put me on pause,

143
00:06:36,150 --> 00:06:38,150
write down some notes, and come on back.

144
00:06:40,620 --> 00:06:43,650
Well, homomorphic encryption
is what we would be using.

145
00:06:43,650 --> 00:06:44,970
In its simplest terms,

146
00:06:44,970 --> 00:06:47,190
homomorphic encryption allows computations

147
00:06:47,190 --> 00:06:50,040
to be performed on encrypted data,

148
00:06:50,040 --> 00:06:51,960
including in the cloud environment.

149
00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:54,420
And produce an encrypted result,

150
00:06:54,420 --> 00:06:56,160
which could then be decrypted,

151
00:06:56,160 --> 00:06:58,770
with the end result being
the same as if you did

152
00:06:58,770 --> 00:07:01,593
the math yourself on the unencrypted data.

153
00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:04,530
Now, what's the current state of this?

154
00:07:04,530 --> 00:07:08,550
Standards are in development,
interoperable APIs,

155
00:07:08,550 --> 00:07:12,000
application programming
interfaces are in development,

156
00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:14,160
and there's really very limited use.

157
00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:17,490
But a good example is Microsoft's
Election Guard system,

158
00:07:17,490 --> 00:07:21,600
which does enable mathematical
procedures like counting

159
00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:23,613
to be done with encrypted data.

160
00:07:24,540 --> 00:07:26,100
So keep your eye out on this,

161
00:07:26,100 --> 00:07:28,860
because this is really an emerging trend,

162
00:07:28,860 --> 00:07:31,890
as well as all of the other
trends and technologies

163
00:07:31,890 --> 00:07:34,090
that we've just talked
about in this lesson.

164
00:07:35,041 --> 00:07:36,600
And you can see them all right here.

165
00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:38,403
Here is your word cloud.

166
00:07:39,330 --> 00:07:40,860
Not too many terms here,

167
00:07:40,860 --> 00:07:43,770
but make sure that you can
recognize all of these terms

168
00:07:43,770 --> 00:07:47,370
before you move on to our next lesson,

169
00:07:47,370 --> 00:07:49,083
which is about stenography.