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- [Instructor] In this segment,

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we're gonna take a closer look
at IP version six addressing,

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but we're gonna start with
review of IP version four.

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Now, an IP version four
address is made up of 32 bits.

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It's binary ones and zeros

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divided into four eight bit blocks.

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So for example, we have
the binary here, 32 bits

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and you can see that they are broken up

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into the four eight bit blocks.

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But you and I know

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that that's not how we actually
refer to an IP address.

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We refer to an IP address

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in a dotted decimal format,
for example, 10.5.6.205.

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So the question is how did we get it

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from that binary to that decimal format?

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Well, we do that by doing a conversion,

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converting binary to decimal.

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The way we do that is
in each eight bit block,

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a value is assigned to each of the places.

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So starting over on the right hand side,

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the values are one, two, four, eight,

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16, 32, 64, and 128.

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And in each block, a zero
represents null or no value

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and a one says that we pick
up the value of that place.

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So let's do a conversion together.

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Let's start with converting 00001010.

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Well, let's start over
on the left hand side

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A zero tells us there's no value,

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so we're not gonna pick
anything up in the 128 place

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or in the 64 or in the 32 or in the 16.

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But a one indicates that we do pick up

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the value of that place.

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So we're gonna pick up the value of eight.

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There's a zero in the four, so no value.

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We are gonna pick up the value of two

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and there's a zero in the one.

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So eight plus two is going to
give us a decimal value of 10.

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Let's do one more.

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Let's do the one all
the way up to the right.

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That block is 11001101.

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Remember, a zero represents
no value or a null.

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A one says we pick up
the value of that place.

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So we have a one in the first place here,

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so we're gonna pick up 128.

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We're going to pick up 64.

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We have a zero in the
32, so nothing there.

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A zero in the 16, nothing there.

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A one in the eight place,

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so that means we'll pick up the eight.

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A one in the four place,

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so we'll pick up the four.

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A zero in the two and then
a one in the one place.

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So we're gonna take 128 plus
64, which is 192.168.10.0,

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plus eight is 200, plus
four is 204 plus one is 205,

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which is gonna give us
a decimal format of 205.

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If we were to do all of them,

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we would end up with a 10, a five, a 60,

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and 205 is our values

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and we separate them
with a period or a dot.

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That's how we get our
dotted decimal format.

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Well, IP version six does not use decimal

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or dotted decimal notation.

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Instead it uses hexadecimal

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and instead of dots it's going
to separate using a colon.

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So let's first talk
about what hexadecimal is

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and then we'll take a look
at IP version six addresses.

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Hexadecimal is a
positional numbering system

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that uses base 16.

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To represent the values
in a readable format,

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the system uses the number zero to nine

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to represent the values from zero to nine

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and the letters A to F
to represent the values

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from 10 to 15.

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So if you look at our table
here, we have decimal,

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binary, and hex, and I've given you

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a little binary cheat sheet

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of those first four
positions over to the right

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of one, two, four, and eight.

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So we know decimal zero is binary 000,

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it's also hex zero.

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How about decimal one?

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Well in binary, that would
be represented by 0001,

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only having the one place,

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and in hex it's gonna be a one.

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Let's jump down to nine.

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Nine in decimal is 1001 in binary.

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Picking up the eight place
plus the one is nine.

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And it will still be nine in hex

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because we're going to use zero to nine

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to represent the values from zero to nine.

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Now let's go to 10.

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Right, 10 in decimal is one zero or 10.

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In binary it's 1010,
representing the eight place

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and the two place.

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Eight plus two is 10.

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And it's going to be represented
by the letter A in hex.

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Jumping down to 15.

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15 in decimal.

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Binary it's 1111,

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which is eight plus
four plus two plus one.

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So eight plus four is 12, plus
two is 14, plus one is 15,

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and that's gonna be represented by the F.

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So now let's take a look at
how IP version six addressing

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actually uses hex, how we do a conversion,

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and then we'll look at some rules

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to make it a little bit simpler.

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An IP version six address
is made up of 128 bits

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divided into eight 16 bit blocks.

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If we compare and contrast that

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to a IP version four address,

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well IP version four
was going to be 32 bits,

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this is 128 bits.

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And IP version four had
four eight bit blocks,

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and now we have eight 16 bit blocks.

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So this is what an IP version six address

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is gonna look like in binary.

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But we're not gonna convert
it to dotted decimal.

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Instead we're gonna convert it to hex.

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So each block is going
to be converted into

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a four digit hexadecimal number

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and we're going to separate
those blocks by a colon symbol.

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So let's just do one.

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Let's take that last block
which is 0101111011111001.

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And what we're gonna do
is we're gonna divide it

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into four sections, so
four, four bit sections,

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so 0101, 1110,

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1111 and 1001.

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Again, it's this last
block we're working with.

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And then we're going to convert
each of those into a hex.

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So binary 0101 we know is
going to be five, right,

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because it's gonna be
four plus one is five,

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and five in hex is five.

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Binary 1110 is gonna be 14, right?

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Eight plus four is 12 plus two is 14.

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Decimal 14 is going to be hex of E.

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We come down here.

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1111 in binary is going
to be 15 in decimal.

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Right it's gonna be eight plus four is 12

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plus two is 14, plus one is 15,

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and that's gonna be
represented by F in hex.

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And then nine is 1001, right,

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that's decimal nine, right?

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Eight plus one.

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And nine is gonna be
represented by nine in hex.

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So that binary block, that 16 bit block,

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when we divide it into
four hexadecimal digits,

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we're gonna end up with 5EF9.

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And we converted this entire
address from binary to hex.

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Here is what our conversion would be,

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which is better, but still pretty long.

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So let's look at three
rules to try to make

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that even a more manageable address.

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This is the address we're
starting with right here,

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and we're gonna again try to make it

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a little bit more manageable.

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Our first rule is we can
discard leading zeros.

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So we have 0063, We can
discard the two leading zeros

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and just end up with 63.

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In rule two,

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if two or more blocks
contain consecutive zeros,

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we can omit them all

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and we can replace them
with a double colon symbol.

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And note, you can only do this once

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so we have two blocks of
four zeros, 0000:0000,

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and what we can do is we
can instead replace them

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with the double colon.

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And lastly, rule three,
which is blocks of zeros

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can be replaced only once
with that double colon,

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so if there are still blocks of zeros,

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they can be shrunk down to a single zero.

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So we have one more block
here of the four zeros.

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We can shrink it down to a single zero.

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Which means in the end we could take

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this relatively long address, right here,

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and we can make it a
little bit more manageable.

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And now you know how to convert

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from binary to decimal to hex,

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and three rules for making
our IP version six address

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a little bit more manageable.

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And that my friends

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is a closer look at IP
version six addressing.